These questions are meant for your review but it doesn t cover every part of what we learned in this unit. Nervous System Review 1. What is a neuron? 2. Identify the three types of neurons. 3. What is the function of each? 4. Describe the function of each of the following: a) dendrites (b) myelin sheath (c) Schwann cells (d) cell body (e) axon 5. Differentiate between the CNS and the PNS. 6. What is an action potential? 7. Which part of a neuron is found closest to a sense organ - dendrite, axon, or cell body? 8. What is the function of the autonomic nervous system? 9. What is the space between two neurons called? 10. How does the nerve impulse cross the space between two nerve cells? 11. You accidentally touch a hot iron. Your hand quickly moves away from the iron. What type of reaction is this? Do you feel pain before you pull your hand away? Explain. 12. What are the functions of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems? 13. Which part of the peripheral nervous system is involved in throwing a ball? 14. Pain receptors are about 27 times more abundant in the skin than are cold receptors. Explain why this is adaptive for survival. 15. What is a polarized neural membrane? 16. What causes the inside of a neuron to become negatively charged? 17. What changes occur along a cell membrane as it changes from a resting potential to an action potential and then into refractory period? 18. Explain how the polarity of a cell membrane reverses during an action potential.
19. How is the membrane potential of the resting cell restored after a nerve impulse has passed? 20. During a nerve impulse, how do the charges inside and outside the neuron's membrane compare? 21. If a person's spinal cord was crushed at the neck, resulting in paralysis, what parts of the body would be affected? 22. Why do nerve impulses move faster along myelinated nerve axons? 23. What is the all-or-none response? 24. State the function of the meninges and the cerebrospinal fluid. 25. Describe the functions of each of the following: cerebrum, corpus callosum, cerebellum, thalamus, pons, medulla oblongata 26. Which brain structure is involved in higher thinking processes? 27. A person has a stroke, resulting in paralysis on the left side. Which area and which side of the brain were damaged by the stroke? 28. You feel hungry and remember that there were apples in the fruit bowl. You remove an apple from the bowl and eat it. Identify the part of the brain that detects each of the following: a) hunger (b) memory of apple location (c) movement of arm 29. Which structure in the nervous system is associated with breathing? 30. Why are reflexes often tested by a doctor? 31. Why is the brain not involved in a reflex immediately?. 32. Why can we say that nerve impulses are not electricity but electrochemical events? 33. Explain the functions of acetylcholine and cholinesterase in the transmission of nerve impulses. 34. Use the idea of a synapse to explain why a nerve impulse can move from neuron A to neuron B but not vice versa. 35. What happens at the synapse when someone does not experience pain?. 36. What parts of the body are controlled by the autonomic nervous system?
37. Which part of your autonomic nervous system is active when you are sleeping peacefully? Putting out a grease fire at home? 38. How does the human eye form an image on the retina? 39. What conditions can affect normal vision? 40. What is the difference between conduction deafness and nerve deafness? Endocrine Review 1. Define the term hormone. 2. How is the effect of a hormone different from the effect of a nerve impulse? 3. What is a target cell? 4. What is the transport system for hormones? 5. Why do only target cells respond to a given hormone? 6. How are the nervous and endocrine systems specialized to maintain homeostasis? 7. What two major groups of hormones exist? Describe each. 8. Describe how each kind of hormone is able to affect a cell. 9. What is the role of hypothalamus in the metabolism? 10. If a drug blocked the production of cyclic AMP, what would happen to a person who was being attacked by a person with a knife? 11. What function does melatonin have in humans?. 12. How would an increase or decrease in growth hormone affect someone during childhood? After puberty? 13. Are estrogen receptors in a cell or on the cell membrane? Explain your answer. 14. What are the two regions of the adrenal gland and how do they differ? 15. How is blood sugar level maintained? 16. Where is insulin produced?
17. Some diabetics produce sufficient insulin but they lack sufficient receptors. Explain how a lack of receptors could cause the same symptoms as a lack of insulin? 18. Why is insulin injected rather than taken orally? 19. Why do insulin levels increase during times of stress? 20. Imagine that a virus attacks and destroys the cells of the anterior pituitary. Predict the effect on blood sugar. 21. Why are insulin and glucagon called antagonistic hormones? 22. What areas of the body produce sex hormones? 23. How does a negative feedback loop in the endocrine system differ from a positive feedback loop? 24. In some of it's functions, the hypothalamus seems to be part of the nervous system. In other functions, it seems to act as an endocrine gland. Explain. 25. Why is the thymus gland important in younger children? 26. Your textbook foolishly refers to the pituitary as "the master gland." Why is this inaccurate? 27. What advantage is there to using genetic engineering to produce human hormones such as insulin? 28. Where is TSH produced? 29. What effect does thyroxine have on blood sugar? 30. What symptoms are associated with hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism? 31. What is goiter and how is it caused? 32. What is the difference between Type I and Type II diabetes? 33. Explain how the nervous and endocrine systems work together in response to danger. 34. Who discovered that insulin was associated with the disease diabetes? 35. How would high levels of ACTH affect secretions of cortisol from the adrenal glands?
36. A disorder called testicular feminization syndrome occurs when the testosterone receptor molecules are defective. Predict the effect and explain how the hormone activity is interfered with. 37. Provide an explanation for the following symptoms of diabetes mellitus: lack of energy, increased urine production, thirst. 38. A physician notes that a patient is very active and remains warm even on cold days. Furthermore, the patient's food intake is higher than average, yet the patient remains thin. What is your diagnosis and suggested therapy? 39. What does a positive Benedict s Test indicate? 40. What is the difference between giantism and acomelagy? Similiarity?