Pediatric Airway Surgery

Pediatric Airway Surgery

Advances in Oto-Rhino-Laryngology Vol. 73 Series Editor G. Randolph Boston, Mass.

Pediatric Airway Surgery Volume Editors Christopher J. Hartnick Boston, Mass. Maynard C. Hansen Boston, Mass. Thomas Q. Gallagher Portsmouth, Va. 130 figures, 89 in color, and 1 table, online supplementary material, 2012 Basel Freiburg Paris London New York New Delhi Bangkok Beijing Tokyo Kuala Lumpur Singapore Sydney

Christopher J. Hartnick Professor, Department of Otology and Laryngology Chief, Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology Director, Pediatric Airway, Voice and Swallowing Center Chief Quality Officer Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School 243 Charles Street Boston, MA 02116 (USA) Maynard C. Hansen Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary Department of Otology and Laryngology 243 Charles Street Boston, MA 02116 (USA) Thomas Q. Gallagher LCDR, MC, USN Naval Medical Center Portsmouth Department of Otolaryngology, Bldg 3, 4th Floor 620 John Paul Jones Circle Portsmouth, VA 23708 (USA) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Pediatric airway surgery / volume editors, Christopher J. Hartnick, Maynard C. Hansen, Thomas Q. Gallagher. p. ; cm. -- (Advances in oto-rhino-laryngology ; v. 73) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-3-8055-9931-3 (hard cover : alk. paper) -- ISBN 978-3-8055-9932-0 (e-isbn) I. Hartnick, Christopher J. II. Hansen, Maynard C. III. Gallagher, Thomas Q. IV. Series: Advances in oto-rhino-laryngology ; v. 73. [DNLM: 1. Airway Obstruction--surgery. 2. Child. 3. Infant. 4. Respiratory System--surgery. 5. Respiratory System Abnormalities--surgery. W1 AD701 v.73 2012 / WS 280] 617.5'40083--dc23 2011051473 Bibliographic Indices. This publication is listed in bibliographic services, including Current Contents. Disclaimer. The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publisher and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements in the book is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements. Drug Dosage. The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any change in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Copyright 2012 by S. Karger AG, P.O. Box, CH 4009 Basel (Switzerland) www.karger.com Printed in Germany on acid-free and non-aging paper (ISO 9706) by Bosch-Druck GmbH, Ergolding ISSN 0065 3071 e-issn 1662 2847 ISBN 978 3 8055 9931 3 e-isbn 978 3 8055 9932 0

Contents VIII Preface Hartnick, C.J.; Hansen, M.C. (Boston, Mass.); Gallagher, T.Q. (Portsmouth, Va.) Introduction 1 Laryngeal Development and Anatomy Kakodkar, K.A.; Schroeder, Jr., J.W.; Holinger, L.D. (Chicago, Ill.) 12 Flexible Bronchoscopy Yonker, L.M.; Fracchia, M.S. (Boston, Mass.) 19 Direct Laryngoscopy and Rigid Bronchoscopy Open Airway Cases 26 Pediatric Tracheotomy 31 Laryngotracheal Reconstruction 39 Costal Cartilage Harvest 42 Cricotracheal Resection and Thryotracheal Anastomosis 50 Tracheal Resection and Reanastomosis 58 Slide Tracheoplasty 63 Suprastomal Granuloma V

Pediatric Neck Surgery 66 Thyroglossal Duct Cyst Excision 70 Bilateral Submandibular Gland Excision and Parotid Duct Ligation 76 Tracheocutaneous Fistula Closure 80 Pediatric Ansa Cervicalis to Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Anastomosis Smith, M.E. (Salt Lake City, Utah) Endoscopic Airway Surgery 86 Pediatric Laryngeal Electromyography Maturo, S.C. (Fort Sam Houston, Tex.); Hartnick, C.J. (Boston, Mass.) 90 Vocal Fold Injection Medialization Laryngoplasty Modi, V.K. (New York, N.Y.) 95 Laryngeal Cleft Watters, K.; Ferrari, L.; Rahbar, R. (Boston, Mass.) 101 Pediatric Supraglottoplasty Ambrosio, A.; Brigger, M.T. (San Diego, Calif.) 105 Juvenile-Onset Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis Maturo, S.C. (Fort Sam Houston, Tex.); Hartnick, C.J. (Boston, Mass.) 109 Pediatric Lingual Tonsillectomy Maturo, S.C. (Fort Sam Houston, Tex.); Hartnick, C.J. (Boston, Mass.) 112 Pediatric Airway Balloon Dilation Maturo, S.C. (Fort Sam Houston, Tex.); Hartnick, C.J. (Boston, Mass.) 116 Endoscopic Posterior Cricoid Split with Rib Grafting Modi, V.K. (New York, N.Y.) 123 Vocal Cordotomy Modi, V.K. (New York, N.Y.) Miscellaneous 127 Endoscopic Choanal Atresia Repair 132 Endoscopic Resection of Juvenile Nasopharyngeal Angiofibroma Rogers, D.J.; Bevans, S.E.; Harsha, W.J. (Tacoma, Wash.) 137 Surgery for Velopharyngeal Insufficiency Capra, G.; Brigger, M.T. (San Diego, Calif.) VI Contents

145 Double-Reversing Z-Plasty (Furlow Palatoplasty) Boseley, M.; Bevans, S.E. (Tacoma, Wash.) 149 Pediatric Sialendoscopy Bruch, J.M.; Setlur, J. (Boston, Mass.) 153 Author Index 154 Subject Index Online supplementary material: www.karger.com/adorl073_suppl Contents VII

Preface We conceived this book with both the training as well as the practicing surgeon in mind. The goal was to use the multi-modality possibilities provided by standard textual description in complement with both color illustrations as well as narrated high-definition video. Our premise was that our focus should be to provide a trainee or practicing surgeon with experiential pearls specific to our years of practicing pediatric airway surgery. These pearls might be in one of the following forms: specific thoughts on indications or contraindications for surgical selection, decisions on which children to operate, or choosing between a selection of possible surgeries. Other pearls might involve a close description of certain technical aspects of a given surgical procedure which we have found useful and a narrated,high-definition video demonstrating these techniques. With the ability to use this book and view it with its accompanying free online supplementary videos, our hope is that surgeons at many levels of experience wherever they may practice (and whatever their ability to access information) will be able to access and learn from this compilation of materials. Our goal again is not an exhaustive description of the etiology, presentation, and treatment of a particular condition but rather a practical, surgeon s approach to pediatric airway surgery. Christopher J. Hartnick Maynard C. Hansen Thomas Q. Gallagher VIII