Biomolecules Unit 3
Atoms Elements Compounds Periodic Table What are biomolecules? Monomers vs Polymers Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids Minerals Vitamins Enzymes Triglycerides Chemical Reactions Water Acids and Bases Solutions & Suspensions Amino Acids
Atoms, Elements, and Compounds Atoms- The smallest unit of matter Proton (+) Electrons (-) and Neutrons (neutral) Most atoms have the same number of Protons and Electrons Elements-any material (such as carbon, hydrogen, iron, or oxygen) that cannot be broken down into more fundamental substances 25 essential elements C,H,O,N making up 96% of the human body Compounds-a substance formed when two or more different elements are chemically bonded together.
Periodic Table Arrangement of elements Atomic number (number of protons) Atomic Mass (total number of protons and neutrons) Isotopes- Same number of protons different number of neutrons
Minerals and Vitamins Vitamin Organic Acts as a coenzyme Needed in small amounts Mineral Inorganic Building materials Used in chemical reactions Needed in small amounts
Chemical Reactions Reactant (to the left of the yield sign) Product (to the right of the yield sign) Yield sign ( the arrow, think like an equal sign)
Water Polar compound Hydrogen bonding Cohesion - attraction between molecules of the same substance Adhesion- attraction between molecules of different substances Capillary action- the ability for absorbent material to rise or fall as a result of surface tension.
Water Continued Universal Solvent it carries nutrients throughout the body It removes waste from the body Most abundant substance in the body It does an excellent job of maintaining homeostasis (balance in the body) (ex. Temperature) It is needed for digestion
Acids and Bases ph scale measures how acidic or basic a substance is 0-14 Acids ph less then 7 High concentration of Hydrogen ions (H + ) Bases ph greater then 7 High concentration of hydroxide ions ions (OH ph of 7 is neutral (water)
Solutions ans Suspensions Mixture- Individual substances retains its own property when mixed Suspension- Mixture in which the materials do not dissolve Solution- Substances are evenly distributed Solute (substance that dissolved) Solvent (substance that the solute dissolved in)
What are Biomolecules? Biomolecules are organic molecules made by living organisms These mostly consist of Carbon (C) Hydrogen (H) Oxygen (O)
Organic Molecules? Organic molecules are any molecule that contains Carbon in it Organic chemistry is the chemistry of how carbon interacts with other elements Organic molecules are considered to be the chemicals of life Carbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen are the most common organic elements Inorganic molecules do not contain carbon in them
Monomers vs Polymers Monomers- molecules that react with similar molecules to form a chain Theses are usually one unit Polymers- A chain of many monomers that are chemically bonded together Macromolecules- large scale molecules
Synthesis of Polymers How are Polymers formed and broken? Dehydration synthesis or condensation- the process of removing 1 H atom from one side of a monosaccharide and and OH from one side of another monosaccharide. Removes a water molecule so that the monosaccharides can join together Hydrolysis - Reverses dehydration synthesis by adding a water molecule to the polymer to separate it out into its monomers
Dehydration Synthesis
Hydrolysis
Carbohydrates Includes sugars starches and cellulose Simple Carbs = Monosaccharides Disaccharides are double sugars or 2 monosaccharides joined together by a covalent bond Polysaccharides- multiple monosaccharides joined together by covalent bonds
Carbohydrates Structure Consist of Carbon: Hydrogen: Oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio (CH2O)n Ring shaped Fructose >
Monosaccharides Simple sugars Major nutrients for cell In cellular respiration cells extract energy through a series of reactions starting with glucose molecules The carbon skeleton is also useful for helping synthesize small organic molecules such as amino and fatty acids
2 monosaccharides joined together by a covalent bond Disaccharides
Polysaccharides: Macromolecules consisting of a few hundred or thousand monosaccharides joined together Some serve as storage materials hydrolyzed as needed to provide sugar for the cell (starches) Others as building material for structures that protect the cell or organism (cellulose in plants and glycogen in animals)
Lipids A large biological molecule that does not include polymers not big enough to be considered a macromolecule Mix poorly if at all in water Most are hydrophobic (water hating) Waxes, Fats, Phospholipids, and Steroids
Lipids Long Term Energy Storage Insulation Phospholipids make cell membranes Hormones
Fats/Fatty acids Fats consist of Glycerol and fatty acids Fatty Acids have a long carbon skeleton (16-18 carbon atoms long) with a carboxyl group at one end (COOH)
Making a Fat 3 Fatty acids have to bind to a glycerol by an ester linkage this results in a fat or Triglyceride
Saturated vs Unsaturated Fats Have to do with the configuration of the fatty acid chain and the Hydrocarbons on it If there are no double bound carbons in the fatty acid chain there are manny hydrogen atoms can bind to the carbon skeleton This is where the term Saturated and Unsaturated come from Saturated Fatty Acids- fatty acids all have single bonds. Unsaturated Fatty Acids- in which there is one or more double bond in the fatty acid chain
Saturated Fatty Acids Most animal fats (lard and butter) Solids at room temp To many Saturated Fatty Acids in the diet can lead to a disease called atherosclerosis (fat building up in your arteries)
Unsaturated Fatty Acids Monounsaturated Fatty Acids- contains one double bond Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids- contains more than one double bond In fish and plants and usually a liquid at room temperature (fish oil and olive oil)
Phospholipids These make up the Cell membrane without this the Cell will have no structure or support Phospholipids- a lipid containing a phosphate (PO4) group in its molecule Glycerol is attached to 2 fatty acid chains opposed to 3 Hydrophilic (water loving) head 2 Hydrophobic (water hating) Tail
Phospholipids
Phospholipid Bilayer Phospholipid Bilayer- characterized ny 2 layers of lipids with their heads to the outside of the membrane and its tails inside the membrane
Steroids Steroids- lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisted of 4 fused rings Cholesterol
Proteins Protein- a biologically functional molecule that consist of one or more peptides, each folded and coiled into a specific 3D structure proteins account for over 50% of the dry mass of most cells They are involved in almost everything an organism does Speed up chemical reaction, Defend the body, Aid in storage, Cellular transport and communication, and Add structural support to the cell and body
Proteins Subunit- Amino acids Amino acids are connected via peptide bonds Very large molecules Globular or structural Consist of: Amino Acids, Enzymes, Polypeptides, and much more
Amino Acids Amino Acids- a simple organic compound containing both a carboxyl (COOH) and an amino (NH2) group The side chain R can be replaced with any group or chain 20 common amino acids
Amino Acids Polymers Amino acids are used to build proteins The Polymer of an amino acid is the Polypeptide A covalent bond between 2 amino acids is called a Peptide bond Repeating peptide bonds create polypeptides
Enzymes Enzymes- specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions Catalyst- a chemical agent that speeds app a reactions without being consumed by the reaction Enzymes are the bodies catalyst Activation energy- the amount of energy required to start a reaction The activation energy is the amount of energy it takes to push a substance up a hill so that it can start the downward portion of the hill by itself
What do Enzymes do? They lower the activation energy needed for a reaction!
How Does the Enzyme do that? Substrate- the substance the enzyme acts on The enzyme binds to the substrate to form an enzymesubstrate complex While the enzyme is bound to the substrate the energy stored up in the enzyme-substrate complex makes the activation energy lower. Think about a lock an key in a door. You have a locked door there is not a lot of air going through that door. Once you put the key in the door is able to be unlocked/opened and there can be lots of air flowing though.
Enzyme Active Sites Enzymes will only allow certain substrates to bind to it Enzymes are very specific Active site- a pocket or grove on the surface of the enzyme that allows the substrate to bind thus starting get catalyst The substrate must match to active site perfectly otherwise the enzyme wont bind to it. Once bound the enzyme will temporarily change its shape
Other Enzyme Effectors There is an optimal ph and Temperature If the ph or temp is to high or low the enzymes wont perform as effectively or at all
Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids- are polymers mad of monomers called nucleotides 2 Types that allow the ability of reproduction Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
Function of Nucleic Acids Storage and retrieval of information Gene expression Genetic Code
1 + Phosphate groups Nucleic Acids Structure Nucleotides ar ether subunit 5 Carbon sugar (pentose) (This determine RNA or DNA) Nitrogen Base (these determine the specific nucleic acid0
DNA vs RNA DNA RNA Double stranded Helix Used in gene expression in most organisms Single stranded Used solely in gene expression mainly in bacteria Aids in making the double stranded DNA