The European Ramazzini Foundation Project on Fuels, Their Constituents, Oxygenated Additives and Combustion Products Workshop on Environmental health, energy, and transportation: bringing health to the fuel mixture National Academy of Sciences, Washington DC 29 November 2007 Dr. Fiorella Belpoggi, European Ramazzini Foundation
THE EUROPEAN RAMAZZINI FOUNDATION AND ITS INTEGRATED PROJECT ON FUELS
THE EUROPEAN RAMAZZINI FOUNDATION The European Ramazzini Foundation (ERF) is a nonprofit, independent foundation located in Bologna, Italy. Facilities include the Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center (CMCRC), where one of the world s largest and longest-existing programs of carcinogenesis bioassays is conducted. In 35 years, long-term carcinogenicity studies have been conducted at the CMCRC on more than 200 agents present in the industrial and general environment.
ERF STUDY DESIGN ERF studies are characterized by: systematic and integrated project design, consistency over time, and homogeneity of approach; a minimum of 50-60 rodents per sex/per group; a lifespan protocol in which all rodents are kept under observation until natural death; complete necropsy after which histopathology is performed on all organs and tissues.
ERF INTEGRATED PROJECT ON FUELS In order to detect the chronic and carcinogenic effects of gasolines, major constituents and octane enhancers, in the late 1970s, the ERF launched a large experimental project on fuels, their additives and major combustion products. Overall, 51 experiments have been performed using over 20,000 rodents to test 45 different agents. The results of the experiments have been published and used for various risk assessments, most recently by the US Environmental Protection Agency.
ERF INTEGRATED PROJECT ON FUELS Animals: Experimental Groups: Route: Start of treatment: Duration of treatment: Duration of experiments: Sprague-Dawley rats, Wistar rats, Swiss mice 50-100 rodents per sex/per group ingestion by gavage (in olive oil or drinking water ad libitum) 6-8 weeks of age 104 weeks until natural death
ERF INTEGRATED PROJECT ON FUELS: FUEL MIXTURES n. year of first Compound Tested species n. animals carcinogenicity bioassays publication Unleaded gasoline 2 S-D rats 540 + 1997 Leaded gasoline 1 S-D rats 300 + 1997 Kerosene 1 S-D rats 300 + 1997 Diesel fuel 1 S-D rats 300 + 1997 Gasoline containing 15% MTBE Gasoline containing 15% ETBE Gasoline containing 3% methyl alcohol Gasoline containing 5% ethyl alcohol 1 S-D rats 240 + 1 S-D rats 240 (+) 1 S-D rats 300 ongoing 1 S-D rats 300 ongoing Total 9 2400
ERF INTEGRATED PROJECT ON FUELS: MAJOR AROMATIC HYDROCARBON CONSTITUTENTS Compound Tested n. year of first species n. animals carcinogenicity bioassays publication Benzene 8 S-D rats, Wistar 1950 + 1977 rats, Swiss mice, RF/J mice Toluene 4 S-D rats 440 + 1997 Xylenes 2 S-D rats 380 + 1997 Ethylbenzene 2 S-D rats 380 + 1997 Trimethylbenzene 2 S-D rats 408 + 1997 Total 18 3558
ERF INTEGRATED PROJECT ON FUELS: OCTANE ENHANCERS > OXYGENATED ADDITIVES n. year of first Compound Tested species n. animals carcinogenicity bioassays publication Methyl alcohol 3 S-D rats 1340 + 2002 Ethyl alcohol 4 S-D rats, Swiss Methyl-tert-butyl ether (MTBE) mice 1458 + 2002 1 S-D rats 360 + 1995 Ethyl-tert-butyl ether (ETBE) Ter-amil-methyl ether (TAME) Di-isopropyl ether (DIPE) 1 S-D rats 360 (+) 1999 1 S-D rats 600 + 2002 1 S-D rats 600 + 2002 Total 11 4718
ERF INTEGRATED PROJECT ON FUELS: OCTANE ENHANCERS > ISOPARAFFINS Compound Tested n. bioassays species n. animals carcinogenicity year of first publication 2,2,4-trimethylpentane 2 S-D rats 408 - Total 2 408
ERF INTEGRATED PROJECT ON FUELS: COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OF OXYGENATED ADDITIVES Compound Tested n. bioassays species n. animals carcinogenicity year of first publication Acetaldehyde 4 S-D rats 870 (+) 2002 Formaldeyde 4 S-D rats 1447 + 1989 Total 8 2317
SUMMARY RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTS ON OCTANE ENHANCERS
OCTANE ENHANCERS: COMPARATIVE RESULTS TESTED COMPOUND INCREASED TUMORS Methyl alcohol Ethyl alcohol DIPE TAME MTBE ETBE TMP M F M F M F M F M F M F M F Total malignant tumors +DR +DR + + + + (+) + Mammary cancers (+) (+) Ear duct carcinoma +DR +DR + (+) (+) Oral cavity, lips and tongue carcinomas Oesophagus and forestomach carcinomas Interstitial cell adenomas Uterus malignant tumours + + (+) (+) (+) (+) (+) (+) + (+) +DR (+) (+) (+) (+) (+) + (+) Glial malignant tumours (+) (+) Osteosarcomas of the head Haemolymphoreticular neoplasias (+) (+) + (+) (+) (+) (+) +DR (+) (+) +DR +DR +DR +DR (+) (+) M male; F female + significant increase; DR Dose related increase; (+) increase
COMBUSTION PRODUCTS: COMPARATIVE RESULTS TESTED COMPOUND INCREASED TUMORS ACETALDEHYDE FORMALDYHEDE M F M F Total malignant tumors (+) (+) + + Mammary cancers (+) + Gastro-intestinal leiomyosarcomas (+) (+) (+) (+) Testicular interstial cell adenomas (+) + Osteosarcomas of the head Haemolymphoreticular neoplasias (+) (+) (+) + + + significant increase (+) increase
LONG-TERM CARCINOGENICITY BIOASSAY ON GASOLINE CONTAINING MTBE OR ETBE, ADMINISTERED BY STOMACH TUBE TO MALE (M) AND FEMALE (F) SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS PLAN OF THE EXPERIMENT (BT962) Groups No. I II III Treatment a Animals Gasoline Oxygenated additives Age at start Sex No. (mg/kg b.w. In olive oil) (weeks) 800 MTBE 15% 8 M 60 F 60 M+F 120 800 ETBE 15% 8 M 60 F 60 M+F 120 0-8 M 60 (control) F 60 olive oil alone M+F 120 a Duration of treatment: 104 weeks
GASOLINE MIXTURES (BT962): SURVIVAL MALES 100 90 80 Gasoline + MTBE Gasoline + ETBE Control Start of the experiment 70 60 (%) 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 8 24 40 56 72 88 104 120 136 152 168 Age(weeks)
GASOLINE MIXTURES (BT962): SURVIVAL FEMALES 100 90 80 Gasoline + MTBE Gasoline + ETBE Control Start of the experiment 70 60 (%) 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 8 24 40 56 72 88 104 120 136 152 168 Age (weeks)
GASOLINE MIXTURES (BT962): SUMMARY RESULTS MALIGNANT TUMOR BEARING ANIMALS (%) Tumors Sex Total malignant Cranium osteosarcomas HLRN (a) Gasoline with M 35.0 5.0 13.3 15% MTBE F 46.7 3.3 25.0* Gasoline with M 40.0 10.0 16.7 15% ETBE F 51.7 * 13.3* 16.7 Control M 33.3 8.3 10.0 F 43.3 3.3 11.7 * (p 0.05) a haemolymphoreticular neoplasias
GASOLINE MIXTURES (BT962): SUMMARY RESULTS The results of the experiment show: gasoline with MTBE 15% induces a significant increase of lymphomas and leukemias in females; gasoline with ETBE 15% induces in females, a significant increase of animals bearing malignant tumors, and in particular, a significant increase of osteosarcomas of the cranium; In addition, it must be noted that an increased incidence of lymphomas and leukemias, albeit not significant, was observed in females treated with gasoline with ETBE 15%, compared to the control (16.7% vs. 11.7%).
GASOLINE MIXTURES (BT962): DISCUSSION The overall and specific carcinogenic effects of the two mixtures may have been affected by the decreased survival in both males and females of the treated groups. However, the fact that gasoline with MTBE 15% induced a significant increase in lymphomas and leukemias in females, and that the same increase was also observed in a CMCRC/ERF experiment on MTBE alone (Belpoggi et al. 1995, 1997, 1998; Maltoni et al. 1999), merits special attention.
CONCLUSIONS In our opinion, the results of the present pilot experiment, part of the CMCRC/ERF s integrated project on fuels, call for further experiments using multiple doses (including also very low doses), and a larger number of animals per sex/per group. These additional experiments are necessary to better assess the carcinogenic risk of these mixtures. To our knowledge the work of the ERF remains the only integrated experimental project of long-term carcinogenesis bioassays ever conducted on vehicle fuels and their emissions.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Full text of ERF published studies and individual animal data from some bioassays may be downloaded from our website at www.ramazzini.it.
FUELS PROJECT SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY Belpoggi F, Soffritti M, Filipini F, Maltoni C. 1997. Results of long-term experimental studies on the carcinogenicity of methyl-tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE). Ann NY Acad Sci 837:77-95. Belpoggi F, Soffritti M, Maltoni C. 1995. Methyl-tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE), a gasoline additive, causes testicular and lymphohaematopoietic cancers in rats. Toxicol Ind Health 11:119 149. Belpoggi F, Soffritti M, Maltoni C. 1998. Pathological characterization of testicular tumours and lymphomas-leukaemias, and of their precursors observed in Sprague- Dawley rats exposed to methyl-tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE). Eur J Oncol 3:201-206. Belpoggi F, Soffritti M, Maltoni C. 1999. Immunoblastic lymphomas in Sprague- Dawley rats following exposure to the gasoline oxygenated additives methyltertiary-butyl ether (MTBE) and ethyl-tertiary-butyl ether (ETBE): early observations on their natural history. Eur J Oncol 4(5):563-572. Belpoggi F, Soffritti M, Minardi F, Bua L, Cattin E, Maltoni C. 2002b. Results of Long-Term Carcinogenicity Bioassays on Tert-Amyl-Methyl-Ether (TAME) and Di- Isopropyl-Ether (DIPE) in Rats Ann NY Acad Sci 982:70-86.
FUELS PROJECT SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY Maltoni C, Belpoggi F, Soffritti M, Minardi F.1999. Comprehensive long-term experimental project of carciogenicity bioassays on gasolina oxygenated additives: plan and first report of results from the study of ethyl-butyl ether (ETBE). Eur J Oncol 4(5): 493-508. Soffritti M, Belpoggi F, Cevolani D, Guarino M, Padovani M, Maltoni C. 2002a. Results of long-term experimental studies on the carcinogenicity of methyl alcohol and ethyl alcohol in rats. Ann NY Acad Sci 982:46 69. Soffritti M, Belpoggi F, Lambertini L, Lauriola M, Padovani M, Maltoni C. 2002b. Results of long-term experimental studies on the carcinogenicity of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde in rats. Ann NY Acad Sci 982:87 105. Soffritti M, Belpoggi F, Minardi F, Maltoni C. 2002c. Ramazzini Foundation cancer program: history and major projects, life-span carcinogenicity bioassay design, chemicals studied, and results. Ann NY Acad Sci, 982:26-45. Soffritti M, Belpoggi F, Padovani M, Lauriola M, Degli Esposti D, Minardi F. 2004. Life-time carcinogenicity bioassay of toluene given by stomach tube to Sprague- Dawley rats. Eur J Oncol 9:91 102.
THE CESARE MALTONI CANCER RESEARCH CENTER OF THE EUROPEAN RAMAZZINI FOUNDATION CASTLE OF BENTIVOGLIO BOLOGNA, ITALY
Courtyard of the Castle of Bentivoglio
Exposure system for ELFEMF
Exposure system for RFEMF
The pathology unit
Archive of paraffin blocks
Experimental archive
The Sala del Pane or Bread Room