Name Class Date Every Flex is Quite Complex Struture and Funtion in a Chiken Wing Investigative Lab 27 8 Question How do the tissues of a hiken wing work together during movement? Lab Overview In this investigation you will arefully examine and disset the tissues of a hiken wing to learn about its struture and to disover how bones, musles, tendons, ligaments, and skin work together and funtion in movement. Introdution In the Prelab Ativity you will study the struture of the human arm and onsider how the struture and funtion of the human arm may be similar to a hiken wing s struture and funtion. In the lab you will disset the hiken wing and answer questions along the way about your observations. During the lab, keep in mind that the surfae of raw hiken may ontain several different disease-ausing speies of Salmonella bateria. To avoid infetion, do not touh your eyes, nose, or mouth at any time while working with the hiken wing. Prelab Ativity Before beginning your dissetion of a hiken wing examine the internal struture of a human arm, shown in the diagram below. Then answer the Prelab Questions on the next page. Objetive to disset a hiken wing and relate it to struture and funtion of a human arm Inquiry Skills observing prediting making inferenes drawing onlusions Time 10 min for Prelab Ativity 10 min for Part A 15 min for Part B 15 min for Part C 10 min for Part D 15 min for Analysis and Conlusions Tendon Musle B Humerus Ligament Musle A Radius Musle D Musle C Ulna Internal Anatomy of a Human Arm Laboratory Manual/Investigative Lab 27 317
1. Whih labeled bone(s) is (are) found in the upper arm? Whih labeled bone(s) is (are) found in the lower arm? Suggested answer: The humerus is the bone in the upper arm. The radius and ulna are the bones in the lower arm. 2. You may remember from Conept 27.5 in your text that musles an only pull they annot push. Therefore, musles work in pairs. When one musle ontrats and auses a bone to move, a relaxed opposing musle an ontrat and move the bone to its original position. Whih lettered musle shown in this diagram do you think auses the elbow to flex (bend)? Whih lettered musle do you think is the opposing musle that auses the elbow to extend (lengthen)? Explain your answer. Suggested answer: Musle A ontrats and auses the elbow to flex. Musle B is the opposing musle that ontrats and auses the elbow to extend. 3. Whih lettered musle shown in this diagram do you think auses the wrist to flex (bend upward)? Whih lettered musle do you think is the opposing musle that auses the wrist to extend (bend downward)? Explain. Suggested answer: Musle D ontrats and auses the wrist to bend upwards. Musle C is the opposing musle that ontrats and auses the wrist to bend downwards. 4. How do you think the strutures in a hiken wing will be similar to those in a human arm? How do you think they will be different? Students responses will vary. Materials raw hiken wing sissors with pointed ends paper plate plasti gloves olored penils or markers antibaterial soap Advane Preparation Day of the lab Wash and dry the hiken wings just before the lab to remove as many bateria as possible. 318 Biology: Exploring Life
Name Class Date Proedure Part A: Comparing External Struture and Funtion 1. Compare the external struture of your arm with the external struture of the hiken wing. To ompare the funtion of a human arm and a hiken wing, flex (bend) and extend (lengthen) your elbow and then your wrist. Then flex and extend the joints of the hiken wing. Reord your observations below. 2. Brainstorm at least one question about similarities and differenes between the human arm and the hiken wing that you would like to explore further. Part B: Examining the Skin 1. Use the sissors to ut under the skin of the upper wing down to the first joint. Repeat for both sides of the wing. CAUTION: Handle sharp instruments with are to avoid injury. Upper wing Joint Joint Lower wing Wing tip If students swith disseting and notetaking roles during the investigation, remind students to remove and dispose of used gloves and wash their hands thoroughly before starting a new task. Safety and Disposal Remind students to wear plasti gloves while doing the dissetion to prevent infetions and illnesses aused by miroorganisms on raw hiken. Afterward have students use antibaterial soap to wash all working surfaes, dissetion trays, sissors, penils, and any other items they handled during the lab, and then to wash their hands thoroughly. Remind students to handle sissors arefully to prevent uts. After the lab ativity, have students plae their hiken wings and paper plates in a waste ontainer with two plasti trash bags. Close both bags seurely for disposal. Do not allow the trash to sit in the building overnight. Laboratory Manual/Investigative Lab 27 319
2. With your fingers, pull the skin of the upper wing away from the pinkish musle. The now-visible film-like tissue that attahes the skin to the musle is alled the hypodermis. Just as in humans, the hypodermis is the onnetive tissue layer beneath the dermis of the skin. Compare the harateristis of the outer layer of skin (epidermis) to the hypodermis. Reord your observations here. 3. Completely remove the rest of the skin from the upper part of the hiken wing. In setions where the skin and musles are strongly attahed, use sissors to ut the skin away from the musle. Be areful not to ut into the musle, tendons, or ligaments as you remove the skin. 4. Repeat steps 1 3 to remove the skin from the lower wing. 5. One you have removed the skin, observe the skin s elastiity by strething it in different diretions. Does the skin streth in one diretion more than another? Reord your observations below. Students should note that the skin does streth in more than one diretion. Part C: Examining the Musles 1. With your fingers, gently separate the musles from eah other. Notie the layers of loose onnetive tissue between the musles. In the spae below, sketh an outline of the hiken wing. Draw in the musles you observe. 2. Pull on eah musle one at a time to observe if the musle auses a part of the wing to flex (bend) or extend (lengthen). Observe what happens to the nearest joint. Try to loate eah musle s opposing musle. Color-ode the opposing musle pairs on your sketh above. 320 Biology: Exploring Life
Name Class Date Part D: Examining the Tendons, Bones, Ligaments, and Cartilage 1. Follow the musles one at a time to the joint between the upper and lower wing. Cut the shiny white tendons that onnet the musles to the joint and remove the musles. 2. Examine the bones of the upper part and lower part of the wing. Sketh the bones in the spae below. 3. Observe the joint between the upper and lower wing. Do you think this joint is a pivot, ball and soket, hinge, or gliding joint? (See page 599 in your text to review the different joint types.) Explain your answer below. 4. Now look for shiny white ligaments holding bones together at the joint. Cut the ligaments so that the joint falls apart. 5. Observe the artilage that overs the ends of the bones. Reord your observations below. Analysis and Conlusions 1. Review the questions you brainstormed in Part A. During the investigation, did you disover answers to any of your questions? If so, write your answers here. If you did not disover answers to any of your questions, desribe an experiment that you ould perform to find the answers. Students responses will vary. Laboratory Manual/Investigative Lab 27 321
2. Desribe the roles of bones, musles, tendons, and ligaments in movement. Suggested answer: When a musle ontrats, it moves a tendon attahed to the musle and a bone, ausing the bone to move also. Ligaments hold bones together at joints. 3. How does the struture of artilage fit its funtion? Suggested answer: Cartilage is onnetive tissue that is softer than bone. In a hiken wing, it provides a ushion for bones at joints and keeps them from rubbing together. 4. How does the struture of skin help enable movement to our? Suggested answer: The flexibility of skin allows for a wide range of motion. 5. Math the strutures that you observed in this lab with a type of tissue. Some letters may be used more than one or not at all. ligaments a. epithelial tissue hypodermis b. nervous tissue bones. onnetive tissue tendons d. musle tissue d a artilage musles epidermis Extension Now that you have examined the tissues of a hiken at a marosopi level, examine tissues at a mirosopi level, by observing prepared slides of various tissue samples. As you observe the slides, onsider how the struture of eah tissue at this level relates to the funtion of the tissue. Extension Provide students with a mirosope and prepared slides of tissues. 322 Biology: Exploring Life