Dr abedi yekta Assistant Professor of Sports and Exercise Medicine Faculty of Medicine shahid beheshti University of Medical Sciences
Pain in midportion of Achilles tendon. Morning stiffness Tendinitis or tear or
Insertional tendinopathy Bursitis Plantaris tendon involvment Flexor tendons tendinopathy Post. Ankle impingement Sever s disease Metabolic disease arthropathy
Look Palpation Standing or lying Function assess (Loading test) Assess strength Predisposing factor
Plain radiograohy Ultrasound (± Doppler) Ultrasound tissue charactresation MRI
Intrinsic activity BMI metabolic disorders Arthritis genetic supination
Extrinsic Change of loding Footwear Surface
Exercise Corticosteroid PRP Sclerosing HVIG NSAID ESWT TENS Laser Surgery
the purpose of this study was to evaluate NBA players with a spectrum of reported Achilles tendon pathology, from tendinopathy (insertional and non-insertional) to complete rupture. Between the 1988-1989 and 2010-2011 NBA seasons, we identified 43 cases of Achilles tendon pathology treated non-operatively. A control group was matched for the players able to return to play with the following parameters: age, position played, number of seasons played in the league, and similarly rated career performance statistics. Considering the medical staff, trainers and facilities available to a professional athlete, a "weekend warrior" should be counseled that even in optimal conditions, 14% of NBA players were unable to return to function/play after Achilles tendinopathy, and that those who were able to return did so at a decreased level of performance. In conclusion, players with Achilles tendinopathy have a better chance to return if they are younger in age and early in their professional career. Furthermore, the association between Achilles pathology and decline in player performance is an important message to convey to coaching staff and team management to allow properly informed decisions when these conditions arise.
PURPOSE AND HYPOTHESIS: Mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy is characterized by a proliferation of small vessels, called neovascularization, which can be demonstrated by power Doppler sonography (PD). Neovascularization can be correlated with diagnosis and consequent therapies focused on vascular supply. Published data regarding the relationship between neovascularisation and symptoms, such as pain and disability, are contradictory. The hypothesis that contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) could detect with more sensibility than PD the new vessel ingrowth in human degenerated Achilles tendons and therefore the correlation of neovascularization with pain and disability, was evaluated. METHODS: Thirty consecutive patients of recalcitrant Achilles tendinopathy were studied with ultrasound greyscale (US), PD, CEUS and magnetic resonance imaging. Neovascularization was recorded as percentage on the whole extension of examined area. The vascularization time was recorded as venous and arterial type. Imaging data were classified both concurrently with the examination and in a secondary blinded assessment; any difference in the subjective assessment was discussed and a consensus view formed. Pain and disability were assessed by Western Ontario McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC) and EuroQuality of life 5-dimension-5-level questionnaire and visual analogue scale (EQ-VAS). All results were analysed with suitable statistical methods. RESULTS: 76.7% of cases were degenerated; 23.3% had also partial discontinuity of the fibres. PD detected vascularization in 54% of cases, whereas CEUS in 83% of cases: in 13 cases, PD did not detect vascularization. The vascularization time was rapid (< 20 s, arterial type) in 60% of cases. WOMAC pain mean value is 6.4 and SD 3.4; WOMAC total score mean value is 21.6 and SD 12.8. EQ-VAS mean value is 56 and SD 18.3. No statistically significant correlation emerged between vascularization and pain/disability. CONCLUSIONS: CEUS showed a greater ability to detect neovessels than PD in chronic Achilles tendinopathies. Nevertheless in 30 consecutive tendinopathies, no correlation between pain/disability and neovascularization was found: the role of multiple neovessels continue to be unclear. The possibility to discriminate arterial from venous vessels ('vascularization time') could be useful to understand the pathophysiology of tendinopathies and its healing process
Abstract Insertional Achilles tendinopathy is a degenerative enthesopathy associated with pain and dysfunction. Nonsurgical management is first attempted for a period of 3 to 6 months and may consist of physical therapy with eccentric training and other modalities. Surgical treatment can be successful with a variety of approaches. A thorough debridement through a midline tendon-splitting approach is associated with high satisfaction rates. Flexor hallucis longus transfer to augment the repair is considered in older, heavier patients or if more than 50% of the tendon was debrided. Early functional rehabilitation is associated with excellent outcomes
Although injury surveillance in athletics is routinely conducted, discipline-specific Achilles and patellar tendinopathy prevalence remains unknown. The purpose of this study was to explore discipline-specific tendinopathy prevalence and identify whether injury-specific risk factors differed in athletes. Elite athletes were recruited and provided information on their sport training including Achilles and patellar tendon pain history. In order to ascertain whether between-discipline differences existed, data were categorized into discipline groups. Middle-distance athletes reported the highest prevalence of Achilles tendinopathy and the combined athletes reported the highest patellar tendinopathy prevalence. Greater calf stiffness was reported in athletes who experienced Achilles tendinopathy compared to those who did not. A substantial portion of athletes believed their performance decreased as a result of their tendon pain. In order to develop discipline-specific evidence-based injury prevention programmes, further discipline-specific research is required to quantify the mechanism for Achilles and patellar tendinopathy development in elite athletics.
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effectiveness of prefabricated foot orthoses for the prevention of lower limb overuse injuries in naval recruits. METHODS: This study was a participant-blinded and assessor-blinded, parallel-group randomised controlled trial. Three-hundred and six participants aged 17-50 years who undertook 11 weeks of initial defence training at the Royal Australian Navy Recruit School (Cerberus, Australia) were randomised to a control group (flat insoles, n=153) or an intervention group (contoured, prefabricated foot orthoses, n=153). The combined incidence of medial tibial stress syndrome, patellofemoral pain, Achilles tendinopathy and plantar fasciitis/plantar heel pain during the 11-week training period were compared using incidence rate ratios (IRR). Data were analysed using the intention-to-treat principle. RESULTS: Sixty-seven injuries (21.9%) were recorded. The control and intervention group sustained 40 (26.1%) and 27 (17.6%) injuries, respectively (IRR 0.66, 95% CI 0.39 to 1.11, p=0.098). This corresponds to a 34% reduction in risk of developing medial tibial stress syndrome, patellofemoral pain, Achilles tendinopathy or plantar fasciitis/plantar heel for the intervention group compared with the control group. Participants in the prefabricated orthoses group were more likely to report at least one adverse event (20.3% vs 12.4%; relative risk (RR) 1.63, 95% CI 0.96 to 2.76; p=0.068; number needed to harm 13, 95% CI 6 to 253). The most common adverse events were foot blisters (n=20, 6.6%), arch pain (n=10, 3.3%) and shin pain (n=8, 2.6%). CONCLUSION: Prefabricated foot orthoses may be beneficial for reducing the incidence of lower limb injury in naval recruits undertaking defence training
OBJECTIVES: To investigate single leg standing balance in males with mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy (AT). DESIGN: Cross sectional case study. METHODS: Centre of pressure (COP) path length was measured using a Wii Balance Board (WBB) in 21 male participants (20-60 years) with unilateral mid-portion AT during single-limb standing on each limb with eyes open and closed. Ultrasound imaging of both Achilles tendons was also performed by one blinded assessor, and the anteroposterior (AP) thickness and presence of pathology was determined. Comparisons were made between symptomatic and asymptomatic sides for key outcomes, and correlation between COP path length and variables of interest were investigated. RESULTS: Symptomatic Achilles tendons demonstrated significantly increased AP tendon thickness (p<0.001). Participants with AT demonstrated increased COP path length (sway amplitude) on their affected side during the eyes closed task (p=0.001). Increased tendon thickness was associated with increased sway amplitude during the eyes open task on both the affected (rho=0.44, p=0.045) and unaffected sides (rho=0.62, p=0.003). CONCLUSIONS: In males with AT, single-leg standing balance with eyes closed is impaired on the symptomatic side. This indicates that neuromuscular deficits affecting functional ability may be present in people with AT during more challenging balance activities. It is unclear if this deficit precedes the onset of symptoms, or is a consequence of tendon pain. Work is now needed to understand the mechanisms that may explain standing balance deficits among people with AT.
Abstract Extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) has shown promising results in treating epicondylitis lateralis humeri and fasciitis plantaris. This study investigates whether the evidence supports ESWT as part of the conservative treatment regime of chronic Achilles tendinopathy. The differences in diagnosing chronic Achilles tendinopathy, the use of different ESWTmachines and the difference in the evaluating methods for pain make it difficult to compare the studies. There is, however, a clear tendency toward ESWT having a positive treatment effect on chronic Achilles tendinopathy at both the insertion and the mid-portion.
OBJECTIVE: To assess the correlation between magnetic resonance and ultrasound findings and clinical outcome after intratendinous injection of leucocyte-rich platelet-rich plasma or adiposederived stromal vascular fraction in patients with non-insertional Achilles tendinopathy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-three patients (age: 47.8±5.1, range 29-55) with unilateral or bilateral non-insertional Achilles tendinopathy (58 tendons overall) were randomly assigned to platelet-rich plasma (22 patients, 28 tendons) or adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction (21 patients, 30 tendons) injection group. All patients underwent magnetic resonance (tendon cross-sectional area, signal intensity, maximum anteroposterior thickness were measured), ultrasound (maximum anteroposterior thickness, power Doppler signal, ultrasound gray scale echotexture were measured), and visual analogue scale (VAS) pain evaluation at baseline and at six months from treatment. Wilcoxon, intraclass correlation coefficient, repeated measure ANOVA tests were used. RESULTS: There was a significant (P<0.001) decrease of mean VAS from pre-treatment (6.4±1.4) to sixmonth evaluation (1.8±1.7). Significant increase of tendon thickness measured using magnetic resonance (P=0.013) and ultrasound (P=0.012) and power Doppler signal (P=0.027) was seen. There was no significant difference between pre- and post-treatment cross sectional area, signal intensity, and echotexture (P>0.217). None of the pre-treatment parameters was a predictor of treatment outcome (P>0.104). There was an excellent agreement between tendon thickness measurement between magnetic resonance and ultrasound (intraclass correlation coefficient=0.986) CONCLUSIONS: Both treatments seem to allow for clinical benefit, associated to early slight increase of tendon size and power Doppler signal. Imaging cannot be used as a predictor of clinical outcome.
Abstract Achilles tendinopathy at the calcaneal insertion is classified into insertional tendinopathy, retrocalcaneal and superficial bursitis. The aim of this study was to present the current evidence on conservative and surgical treatment of insertional tendinopathy of the Achilles tendon. Conservative first-line therapy includes reduction of activity levels, administration of non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAID), adaptation of footwear, heel wedges and orthoses or immobilization. In addition, further conservative therapy options are also available. Eccentric stretching exercises should be integral components of physiotherapy and can achieve a 40% reduction in pain. Extracorporeal shock wave therapy has been shown to reduce pain by 60% with a patient satisfaction of 80%. Due to the limited evidence, injections with platelet-rich plasma (PRP), dextrose (prolotherapy) or polidocanol (sclerotherapy) cannot currently be recommended. Operative therapy is indicated after 6 months of unsuccessful conservative therapy.
Abstract OBJECTIVE: To evaluate extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) in treating Achilles tendinopathy (AT), greater trochanteric pain syndrome (GTPS), medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS), patellar tendinopathy (PT) and proximal hamstring tendinopathy (PHT). DESIGN: Systematic review. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: Randomised and non-randomised studies assessing ESWT in patients with AT, GTPS, MTSS, PT and PHT were included. Risk of bias and quality of studies were evaluated. RESULTS: Moderate-level evidence suggests (1) no difference between focused ESWT and placebo ESWT at short and mid-term in PT and (2) radial ESWT is superior to conservative treatment at short, mid and long term in PHT. Low-level evidence suggests that ESWT (1) is comparable to eccentric training, but superior to wait-and-see policy at 4 months in mid-portion AT; (2) is superior to eccentric training at 4 months in insertional AT; (3) less effective than corticosteroid injection at short term, but ESWT produced superior results at mid and long term in GTPS; (4) produced comparable results to control treatment at long term in GTPS; and (5) is superior to control conservative treatment at long term in PT. Regarding the rest of the results, there was only very low or no level of evidence. 13 studies showed high risk of bias largely due to methodology, blinding and reporting. CONCLUSION: Low level of evidence suggests that ESWT may be effective for some lower limb conditions in all phases of the rehabilitation.