List of Excluded studies following detailed evaluation : 1-25 Reference List 1 Ahuja MC, Khamar B. Antibiotic associated diarrhoea: a controlled study comparing plain antibiotic with those containing protected lactobacilli. J Indian Med Assoc 2002 May;100(5):334-5. 2 Cremonini F, Di CS, Covino M, Armuzzi A, Gabrielli M, Santarelli L et al. Effect of different probiotic preparations on anti-helicobacter pylori therapy-related side effects: a parallel group, triple blind, placebo-controlled study. Am J Gastroenterol 2002 November;97(11):2744-9. 3 Erdeve O, Tiras U, Dallar Y, Savas S. Saccharomyces boulardii and antibioticassociated diarrhoea in children. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2005 June 15;21(12):1508-9. 4 Galpin L, Manary MJ, Fleming K, Ou CN, Ashorn P, Shulman RJ. Effect of Lactobacillus GG on intestinal integrity in Malawian children at risk of tropical enteropathy. Am J Clin Nutr 2005 November;82(5):1040-5. 5 Hatakka K, Savilahti E, Ponka A, Meurman JH, Poussa T, Nase L et al. Effect of long term consumption of probiotic milk on infections in children attending day care centres: double blind, randomised trial. BMJ 2001 June 2;322(7298):1327. 6 Kim HJ, Camilleri M, McKinzie S, Lempke MB, Burton DD, Thomforde GM et al. A randomized controlled trial of a probiotic, VSL#3, on gut transit and symptoms in diarrhoea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2003 April 1;17(7):895-904. 7 Kurugol Z, Koturoglu G. Effects of Saccharomyces boulardii in children with acute diarrhoea. Acta Paediatr 2005 January;94(1):44-7. 8 La RM, Bottaro G, Gulino N, Gambuzza F, Di FF, Ini G et al. [Prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea with Lactobacillus sporogens and fructooligosaccharides in children. A multicentric double-blind vs placebo study]. Minerva Pediatr 2003 October;55(5):447-52. 9 Mastretta E, Longo P, Laccisaglia A, Balbo L, Russo R, Mazzaccara A et al. Effect of Lactobacillus GG and breast-feeding in the prevention of rotavirus nosocomial infection. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2002 October;35(4):527-31. 11 McFarland LV, Surawicz CM, Greenberg RN, Fekety R, Elmer GW, Moyer KA et al. A randomized placebo-controlled trial of Saccharomyces boulardii in combination with standard antibiotics for Clostridium difficile disease. JAMA 1994 June 22;271(24):1913-8.
12 Olivares M, az-ropero MA, Gomez N, Lara-Villoslada F, Sierra S, Maldonado JA et al. Oral administration of two probiotic strains, Lactobacillus gasseri CECT5714 and Lactobacillus coryniformis CECT5711, enhances the intestinal function of healthy adults. Int J Food Microbiol 2005 November 2. 13 Rosenfeldt V, Michaelsen KF, Jakobsen M, Larsen CN, Moller PL, Tvede M et al. Effect of probiotic Lactobacillus strains on acute diarrhea in a cohort of nonhospitalized children attending day-care centers. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2002 May;21(5):417-9. 14 Rosenfeldt V, Michaelsen KF, Jakobsen M, Larsen CN, Moller PL, Pedersen P et al. Effect of probiotic Lactobacillus strains in young children hospitalized with acute diarrhea. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2002 May;21(5):411-6. 15 Seki H, Shiohara M, Matsumura T, Miyagawa N, Tanaka M, Komiyama A et al. Prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in children by Clostridium butyricum MIYAIRI. Pediatr Int 2003 February;45(1):86-90. 16 Shamir R, Makhoul IR, Etzioni A, Shehadeh N. Evaluation of a diet containing probiotics and zinc for the treatment of mild diarrheal illness in children younger than one year of age. J Am Coll Nutr 2005 October;24(5):370-5. 17 Sheu BS, Wu JJ, Lo CY, Wu HW, Chen JH, Lin YS et al. Impact of supplement with Lactobacillus- and Bifidobacterium-containing yogurt on triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2002 September;16(9):1669-75. 18 Siitonen S, Vapaatalo H, Salminen S, Gordin A, Saxelin M, Wikberg R et al. Effect of Lactobacillus GG yoghurt in prevention of antibiotic associated diarrhoea. Ann Med 1990 February;22(1):57-9. 19 Sudarmo SM, Ranuh RG, Rochim A, Soeparto P. Management of infant diarrhea with high-lactose probiotic-containing formula. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2003 December;34(4):845-8. 20 Szymanski H, Pejcz J, Jawien M, Chmielarczyk A, Strus M, Heczko PB. Treatment of acute infectious diarrhoea in infants and children with a mixture of three Lactobacillus rhamnosus strains--a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2006 January 15;23(2):247-53. 21 Thibault H, ubert-jacquin C, Goulet O. Effects of long-term consumption of a fermented infant formula (with Bifidobacterium breve c50 and Streptococcus thermophilus 065) on acute diarrhea in healthy infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2004 August;39(2):147-52. 22 Erdeve O, Tiras U, Dallar Y. The probiotic effect of Saccharomyces boulardii in a pediatric age group. J Trop Pediatr 2004 August;50(4):234-6.
23 Bausserman M, Michail S. The use of Lactobacillus GG in irritable bowel syndrome in children: a double-blind randomized control trial. J Pediatr 2005 August;147(2):197-201. 24 Sykora J, Valeckova K, Amlerova J, Siala K, Dedek P, Watkins S et al. Effects of a specially designed fermented milk product containing probiotic Lactobacillus casei DN-114 001 and the eradication of H. pylori in children: a prospective randomized double-blind study. J Clin Gastroenterol 2005 September;39(8):692-8. 25 Myllyluoma E, Veijola L, Ahlroos T, Tynkkynen S, Kankuri E, Vapaatalo H et al. Probiotic supplementation improves tolerance to Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy--a placebo-controlled, double-blind randomized pilot study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2005 May 15;21(10):1263-72.
References of Trials included in Table 1: Reference List 1 de dp-o, Warram JH, Jr., Gomez RG, Cavazos MG. Effect of a lactobacilli preparation on traveler's diarrhea. A randomized, double blind clinical trial. Gastroenterology 1978 May;74(5 Pt 1):829-30. 2 Gotz V, Romankiewicz JA, Moss J, Murray HW. Prophylaxis against ampicillinassociated diarrhea with a lactobacillus preparation. Am J Hosp Pharm 1979 June;36(6):754-7. 3 Clements ML, Levine MM, Black RE, Robins-Browne RM, Cisneros LA, Drusano GL et al. Lactobacillus prophylaxis for diarrhea due to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1981 July;20(1):104-8. 4 Wunderlich PF, Braun L, Fumagalli I, D'Apuzzo V, Heim F, Karly M et al. Doubleblind report on the efficacy of lactic acid-producing Enterococcus SF68 in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and in the treatment of acute diarrhoea. J Int Med Res 1989 July;17(4):333-8. 5 Surawicz CM, Elmer GW, Speelman P, McFarland LV, Chinn J, van BG. Prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea by Saccharomyces boulardii: a prospective study. Gastroenterology 1989 April;96(4):981-8. 6 Tankanow RM, Ross MB, Ertel IJ, Dickinson DG, McCormick LS, Garfinkel JF. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy of Lactinex in the prophylaxis of amoxicillin-induced diarrhea. DICP 1990 April;24(4):382-4. 7 Oksanen PJ, Salminen S, Saxelin M, Hamalainen P, Ihantola-Vormisto A, Muurasniemi-Isoviita L et al. Prevention of travellers' diarrhoea by Lactobacillus GG. Ann Med 1990 February;22(1):53-6. 8 Orrhage K BBNCE. Effect of Supplements with Bifidobacterium longum and Lactobacillus acidophilus on the Intestinal Microbiota during Administration of Clindamycin. Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease 1994;7:17-25. 9 Saavedra JM, Bauman NA, Oung I, Perman JA, Yolken RH. Feeding of Bifidobacterium bifidum and Streptococcus thermophilus to infants in hospital for prevention of diarrhoea and shedding of rotavirus. Lancet 1994 October 15;344(8929):1046-9. 10 McFarland LV, Surawicz CM, Greenberg RN, Elmer GW, Moyer KA, Melcher SA et al. Prevention of beta-lactam-associated diarrhea by Saccharomyces boulardii compared with placebo. Am J Gastroenterol 1995 March;90(3):439-48. 11 Katelaris PH, Salam I, Farthing MJ. Lactobacilli to prevent traveler's diarrhea? N Engl J Med 1995 November 16;333(20):1360-1.
12 Hilton E, Kolakowski P, Singer C, Smith M. Efficacy of Lactobacillus GG as a Diarrheal Preventive in Travelers. J Travel Med 1997 March 1;4(1):41-3. 13 Lewis SJ, Potts LF, Barry RE. The lack of therapeutic effect of Saccharomyces boulardii in the prevention of antibiotic-related diarrhoea in elderly patients. J Infect 1998 March;36(2):171-4. 14 Arvola T, Laiho K, Torkkeli S, Mykkanen H, Salminen S, Maunula L et al. Prophylactic Lactobacillus GG reduces antibiotic-associated diarrhea in children with respiratory infections: a randomized study. Pediatrics 1999 November;104(5):e64. 15 Vanderhoof JA, Whitney DB, Antonson DL, Hanner TL, Lupo JV, Young RJ. Lactobacillus GG in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in children. J Pediatr 1999 November;135(5):564-8. 16 Oberhelman RA, Gilman RH, Sheen P, Taylor DN, Black RE, Cabrera L et al. A placebo-controlled trial of Lactobacillus GG to prevent diarrhea in undernourished Peruvian children. J Pediatr 1999 January;134(1):15-20. 17 Thomas MR, Litin SC, Osmon DR, Corr AP, Weaver AL, Lohse CM. Lack of effect of Lactobacillus GG on antibiotic-associated diarrhea: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Mayo Clin Proc 2001 September;76(9):883-9. 18 Szajewska H, Kotowska M, Mrukowicz JZ, Armanska M, Mikolajczyk W. Efficacy of Lactobacillus GG in prevention of nosocomial diarrhea in infants. J Pediatr 2001 March;138(3):361-5. 19 Armuzzi A, Cremonini F, Bartolozzi F, Canducci F, Candelli M, Ojetti V et al. The effect of oral administration of Lactobacillus GG on antibiotic-associated gastrointestinal side-effects during Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2001 February;15(2):163-9. 20 Cremonini F, Di CS, Covino M, Armuzzi A, Gabrielli M, Santarelli L et al. Effect of different probiotic preparations on anti-helicobacter pylori therapy-related side effects: a parallel group, triple blind, placebo-controlled study. Am J Gastroenterol 2002 November;97(11):2744-9. 21 Jirapinyo P, Densupsoontorn N, Thamonsiri N, Wongarn R. Prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in infants by probiotics. J Med Assoc Thai 2002 August;85 Suppl 2:S739-S742. 22 Beniwal RS, Arena VC, Thomas L, Narla S, Imperiale TF, Chaudhry RA et al. A randomized trial of yogurt for prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Dig Dis Sci 2003 October;48(10):2077-82.
23 Plummer S, Weaver MA, Harris JC, Dee P, Hunter J. Clostridium difficile pilot study: effects of probiotic supplementation on the incidence of C. difficile diarrhoea. Int Microbiol 2004 March;7(1):59-62. 24 Pereg D, Kimhi O, Tirosh A, Orr N, Kayouf R, Lishner M. The effect of fermented yogurt on the prevention of diarrhea in a healthy adult population. Am J Infect Control 2005 March;33(2):122-5. 25 Chouraqui JP, Van Egroo LD, Fichot MC. Acidified milk formula supplemented with bifidobacterium lactis: impact on infant diarrhea in residential care settings. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2004 March;38(3):288-92. 26 Weizman Z, Asli G, Alsheikh A. Effect of a probiotic infant formula on infections in child care centers: comparison of two probiotic agents. Pediatrics 2005 January;115(1):5-9. 27 Kotowska M, Albrecht P, Szajewska H. Saccharomyces boulardii in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea in children: a randomized double-blind placebocontrolled trial. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2005 March 1;21(5):583-90. 28 Correa NB, Peret Filho LA, Penna FJ, Lima FM, Nicoli JR. A randomized formula controlled trial of Bifidobacterium lactis and Streptococcus thermophilus for prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in infants. J Clin Gastroenterol 2005 May;39(5):385-9.