Which part of a cell controls its activities? nucleus Where in the cell do chemical reactions occur? cytoplasm Which part of a cell controls what goes in and out? membrane Where in the cell is energy released during respiration? Where in the cell are proteins made? ribosomes What is found inside a plant vacuole? Cell sap Which part of a plant cell contains chlorophyll to absorb sunlight for photosynthesis? Chloroplast Name 3 features found in plant and animal cells. mitochondria Name 3 parts of a plant cell, not found in an animal cell. Membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus Name 2 features of a plant cell which are also found in a bacterium. Wall/ chloroplast/vacuole Name a feature found in both plant and animal cells, but which is never found in bacteria. Nucleus (or mitochondria) How do dissolved substances move into and out of cells? diffusion By which process does oxygen enter cells? Diffusion Which term is used to describe a group of tissues which work together? organ 2 from: Wall/cytoplasm/membrane Name 3 parts found in a yeast cell. Nucleus/membrane/cytoplasm/wall Complete the gaps. During diffusion particles always move from a concentration to a concentration. High(er) / low(er) Which term is used to describe a group of similar cells which work together? tissue Which D describes what happens to cells as they become specialised to perform specific functions. Differentiated.
Cell tissues and organs PAGE 2 Which type of tissue churns and mixes food in the stomach? Which type of tissue produces digestive juices in the stomach? muscle Which type of tissue covers the inside and outside of the stomach? epithelial Name 2 places in the gut where digestion occurs? glandular Where is bile made? Liver Where in the gut does absorption of soluble food occur? Stomach + small intestine Where in the gut is water absorbed? Small intestine Where in the gut do faeces form? Large intestine What is in saliva made by salivary glands? digestive enzymes/juices/amylase Where are bile and pancreatic juice added to our food? Large intestine What is in pancreatic juice made by the pancreas? digestive enzymes/juices (amylase, lipase+ protease) Stems, roots and leaves are all examples of what? Small intestine Which type of tissue covers the outside of a plant? Plant organs Which type of plant leaf tissue carries out photosynthesis? Epidermal Which type of plant tissue transports sugars? mesophyll Which type of plant tissue transports water? phloem What is the role of the cell wall? xylem Support
Y11 photosynthesis B 2.3 Name the products of photosynthesis. Name the reactants of photosynthesis. Glucose + oxygen What is the role of chlorophyll? Carbon dioxide + water Where in a plant cell is chlorophyll located? Absorb light energy Where do plants get the carbon dioxide they need? Inside chloroplasts By which process does carbon dioxide enter plant cells? air Name 3 factors which may limit the rate of photosynthesis? Low Light/low temperature/carbon dioxide Is starch soluble or insoluble? insoluble Which part of a plant cell contains cellulose? diffusion What is glucose converted into for storage inside plant cells? starch Name 3 uses of glucose in plants after it is made during photosynthesis. Respiration/fat or oils/proteins/cellulose Which ions do plants need from the soil in order to make proteins? Cell wall Which part of a variegated leaf will contain starch? Green areas (with chlorophyll) What happens to enzymes if temperatures are too high? They denature nitrate Which technique involves growing plants in water/nutrient solution instead of soil? Hydroponics Why does photosynthesis get faster if temperatures rise from 20 to 30 C? Particles/enzymes move faster making more collisions
Y11 B 2.5: Proteins What links together to make proteins? Amino acids Why are enzymes catalysts? These speed up chemical reactions (but are not used up) What happens to a protein when it gets too hot? Loses its specific shape/denatures breakdown of large food molecules into small ones? Digestion Which reaction does the enzyme amylase catalyse? Starch digestion (starch sugar) Where in the body is starch digested? Mouth and small intestine. What is made when proteins are digested? Amino acids Where does starch digestion begin? Give 3 different general uses of proteins. Hormones. Antibodies. Catalysts (or enzymes). Structural What are all enzymes made from? Proteins What ph conditions do the protease enzymes in the stomach work best in? Acidic (approx ph 2) Name the 3 places in the body where the enzyme amylase is made. Salivary glands. Pancreas. Small intestine. What is made when starch is digested? Glucose/sugar Which reaction do protease enzymes catalyse? Protein digestion (Protein amino acids) Where in the body is protease made? Pancreas, Small intestine and stomach Where does protein digestion begin? Mouth Where in the body is protein digested? Stomach and small intestine Stomach Which reaction does the enzyme lipase catalyse? lipid digestion (lipid fatty acid + glycerol)
Where in the body is lipase made? Where does lipid digestion occur? Pancreas and small intestine What is made when lipid is digested? Fatty acids + glycerol Where is bile made? Small intestine Give two roles of stomach acid. Kills pathogens Makes optimum ph for protease Where is bile stored? Liver What effect does bile have on fats/lipids? Emulsifies them (makes small droplets with a large surface area) Is bile an acidic, alkaline or neutral substance? Alkaline Which G describes where specialised cells produce digestive enzymes? Glands What is in biological detergent which makes it better than standard detergent? Enzymes Why are enzymes useful in biological detergents? Digest protein + lipid to remove stains Which enzymes are used in industry to help make baby foods? proteases Which enzyme is used in industry to convert glucose syrup into fructose syrup? Isomerase Give one disadvantage of using enzymes in industry. Denature at high temperatures OR Costly to purify/produce Gall bladder What effect does bile have on food entering the small intestine? Neutralises it (the stomach acid) What ph conditions do the enzymes in the small intestine work best in? Alkaline (approx ph 7.5-8) What is the source of most enzymes used in industry? Microorganisms Which types of enzymes are most commonly used in biological detergents? Lipases and proteases How can biological detergents save energy in the home? By working at lower temperatures Which group of enzymes are used in industry to convert starch into sugar syrup? carbohydrases Why does fructose replace glucose in some slimming products? It s sweeter, so smaller amounts are needed. What is the main advantage to using enzymes in industry? Save energy by catalysing reactions at lower temperatures and pressures.
B2.6 Respiration Which type of respiration needs oxygen? Which type of respiration occurs without oxygen? aerobic What controls the speed of chemical reactions like respiration inside cells? Enzymes Where does respiration occur... a) In animals b) In plants c) In plants + animals Inside which organelle of the cell does aerobic respiration occur? anaerobic What is the word equation for aerobic respiration? Glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water (+ energy) What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in muscles? Glucose lactic acid (+ energy) When does respiration occur in plants and animals? Mitochondrion/mitochondria (plural) Energy from respiration is used by animals to help muscles do what? Contract Energy from respiration is used by animals and plants to build large proteins from small molecules called what? Amino acids How does your breathing change during exercise? Breathing rate gets faster and deeper Give 2 benefits of increased breathing rate during exercise. More oxygen for more respiration Faster removal of carbon dioxide What happens to glycogen in muscles during exercise? Broken down into glucose Which type of respiration releases least energy? Anaerobic What happens to lactic acid made during anaerobic respiration? Gets oxidised into carbon dioxide + water. (lactic acid+ oxygen carbon dioxide + water) Continuously/24 hours Energy from respiration is used by mammals and birds to help keep what constant? (Body) temperature Plants use energy from respiration and sugars from photosynthesis to make amino acids using which mineral ion? nitrates How does your heart rate change in response to exercise? It increases Name the molecule used to store energy in muscles. Glycogen Name 2 molecules that will be delivered by respiring muscles faster during exercise. Glucose+ oxygen need for oxygen which builds up during anaerobic exercise? Oxygen debt Which f describes the effect of vigorous activity on muscles? fatigue
What is the cause of the aches and cramps that can occur during anaerobic respiration? Lactic acid How does massage help to relieve muscle cramp? Increases blood flow, removing lactic acid to the liver to be oxidised. B 2.4: Organisms and the environment Name 3 physical factors that affect the distribution of organisms. Temperature/light/water/ nutrients/oxygen/carbon dioxide Why is it important to sample plants randomly? Avoid bias Which non-random sampling technique is used to sample the change in organisms between two points? transect How can you help to make data more reliable? Repeat readings, remove anomalies and calculate the mean. Name the piece of equipment used to sample plants. Quadrat How do you make sure quadrats are placed at random? Use 2 tapes to make a grid, then use random numbers as coordinates. middle value in a range of numbers? median most frequent value in a range of numbers? mode 2.8 Speciation remains of organisms from many years ago, often found in rocks? fossils What has caused the fossils of many early organisms to be destroyed? Geological activity/ igneous or metamorphic rock formation What are the 3 main conditions needed for decay? Oxygen, warmth, moisture Give 3 ways by which extinction may take place. New predators/new diseases/new competitors/changes in the environment over long time/meteor strike or massive volcano Why were many early life forms not suitable for fossil formation? They were soft bodied so decayed. What is extinction? The disappearance of all organisms of a species. Give an example of a single catastrophic event which may lead to extinction. Asteroid collision/massive volcanic eruption formation of new species? speciation
B 2.7 cell division Name the type of cell division which produces new body cells. Spell mitosis. Mitosis Where are chromosomes found? Inside the nucleus How many cells are made during mitosis? Describe what happens to the chromosomes/dna inside a cell before the cell divides. Chromosomes/DNA replicate How many sets of chromosomes are inside each body cell of any organism? 2 How many sets of chromosomes are inside each sex cell from any organism? One set What are the two main uses of cells made by mitosis? Two sets (one from each parent) Which g is a term used for sex cells? gametes Which type of cell division is used to make sex cells? Growth + repair (replacement cells) Spell meiosis. Meiosis How many cells are made during meiosis? Where in humans does meiosis occur? Four How many times does a cell divide during meiosis? Testes and ovaries Name the process which takes place when gametes join or fuse. Fertilisation Stem cells may be used to treat paralysis. Which type of cells will stem cells differentiate into to help paralysed patients? Nerve + muscle What is the controversial source of human stem cells able to differentiate into any type of human cell? Human embryos Twice Which type of cells is able to differentiate into many different cell types? Stem cells By which type of cell division produces new cells for offspring made by asexual reproduction? mitosis Which source of adult human stem cells has been used for many years to treat some forms of leukaemia. Adult bone marrow
B 2.7 Continued. Inheritance Who proposed the idea of separately inherited factors passed on from one generation to the next? Mendel appearance or characteristics of an organism due to the expression of its genes? phenotype Which term is used to describe an organism with two identical alleles for a characteristic (eg DD or dd)? Homozygous Which term is used to describe an allele which is always expressed, even if only one copy is present? Dominant Which type of reproduction leads to variation? Which term is used to describe an organism containing two different alleles for a characteristic (eg Tt) Heterozygous Which term is used to describe different forms of the same gene? alleles Which g is used to describe the genetic makeup of an organism regarding a particular characteristic (eg Dd or dd) genotype Which term is used to describe an allele which must be present on both chromosomes if its characteristic is expressed? Recessive. How many pairs of chromosomes are there in each human body cell? Sexual Which combination of sex chromosomes is found in the cells of a female? XX Which large molecule makes up a chromosome? DNA The DNA of each gene acts as a genetic code. Which types of molecules are made using this code? Proteins/enzymes Which genetic disorder results in people having extra fingers or toes? Polydactyly What is the main symptom of cystic fibrosis? Thick sticky mucus in lungs The parents of someone with cystic fibrosis may not have the disease. How is this possible? Parents are (symptomless) carriers/ heterozygous, only have 1 recessive cf allele 23 Which combination of sex chromosomes is found in the cells of a male? XY Which term is used to describe a small section of a chromosome which codes for a characteristic? gene Which process is used to identify differences between people s individual DNA? DNA fingerprinting Someone will inherit polydactyly even if only one of their parents has the disease. What does this indicate about the disease causing allele? It s a dominant allele Someone will inherit cystic fibrosis only if they receive a disease causing allele from both parents. What does this indicate about the disease causing allele? It s a recessive allele How can doctors help carriers of cystic fibrosis avoid having children with the disease? Screen embryos