SpringerBriefs in Psychology Series Editors Daniel David Raymond A. DiGiuseppe Kristene A. Doyle
Epidemiological studies show that the prevalence of mental disorders is extremely high across the globe (World Health Organization, 2011). Moreover, and what is perhaps more concerning is the fact that, despite numerous existing evidence-based treatments for various mental disorders, more than half of those in need of specialized mental health services don t access it and/or do not have access to these treatments (Alonso et al., 2004c; Kohn, Saxena, Levav, & Saraceno, 2004; Wang et al., 2005). Thus, developing and disseminating accessible evidence-based protocols for various clinical conditions are key goals in mental health. This effort would nicely complement the efforts of the American Psychological Association (see Division 12 s List of evidence-based treatments), National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (see NICE s Guidelines) and Cochrane Reviews (see Cochrane analyses of various clinical protocols) that identified evidence-based treatments for various clinical conditions, based on rigorous literature analyses. However, once identified, one needs a detailed published clinical protocol to deliver those treatments in research, clinical practice, and/or training (see David & Montgomery, 2011). Please submit your proposal to Series Editor Daniel David: daniel.david@ubbcluj.ro. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/10143
Lenka Ďuranová Sandra Ohly Persistent Work-Related Technology Use, Recovery and Well-being Processes Focus on Supplemental Work After Hours
Lenka Ďuranová Business Psychology Group University of Kassel Kassel, Germany Sandra Ohly Business Psychology Group University of Kassel Kassel, Germany ISSN 2192-8363 ISSN 2192-8371 (electronic) SpringerBriefs in Psychology ISBN 978-3-319-24757-1 ISBN 978-3-319-24759-5 (ebook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-24759-5 Library of Congress Control Number: 2015950345 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London The Author(s) 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www. springer.com)
Acknowledgments This work has been co-funded by the Social Link Project within the Loewe Program of Excellence in Research, Hessen, Germany, and an internal funding of the University of Kassel. We would like to thank the researchers of the Social Link Project for fruitful discussions and input. v
Abstract The aim of this work is to provide insight into the process of employee recovery and well-being in regard to work-related ICT use during after-hours. Therefore, we discuss (1) theories that help us to understand the determinants and outcomes of this behavior, (2) our core concepts recovery and well-being, and (3) previous empirical findings on ICT use after hours for work purposes. On the basis of literature review, we propose a new conceptual overall framework of ICT use after hours for work purposes with the focus on employee recovery and well-being processes. Thereby, we posit ICT use after hours for work purposes as potential stressor, resource, or demand (see action theory by Hacker 1998, 2003 ; Frese and Zapf 1994 ), depending on many personal and environmental factors but primarily on cognitive appraisals (see transactional model of stress by Lazarus and Folkman 1984 ). This three-way division enables us to propose various linear and nonlinear associations to focused outcomes. We conclude with an overall discussion on further research concerning the identified research gaps. References Frese, M., & Zapf, D. (1994). Action as the core of work psychology: A German approach. In M. D. Dunnette, L. M. Hough, & H. C. Triandis (Eds.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (Vol. 4, pp. 271 340). Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologists Press. Hacker, W. (1998). Allgemeine Arbeitspsychologie: Psychische Regulation von Arbeitstätigkeiten. Bern: H. Huber. Hacker, W. (2003). Action regulation theory: A practical tool for the design of modern work processes? European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 12 (2), 105 130. doi: 10.1080/13594320344000075. Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer. vii
Contents 1 Introduction................................................. 1 References................................................... 3 2 Theoretical Background....................................... 5 2.1 Border and Boundary Theory............................... 5 2.2 Social Learning Theory.................................... 8 2.3 Self-Determination Theory................................. 9 2.4 Conservation of Resources Theory........................... 11 2.5 Transactional Model of Stress............................... 13 2.6 Job Demands-Resources Model.............................. 15 2.7 Challenge-Hindrance Framework............................ 17 2.8 Action Theory........................................... 18 References.................................................. 20 3 Conceptualization of Core Concepts............................ 25 3.1 Conceptualization of Employee Recovery..................... 25 3.1.1 Theories of Recovery............................... 25 3.1.2 Operationalization of Recovery....................... 27 3.2 Conceptualization of Employee Well-Being................... 28 3.2.1 Theories of Well-Being............................. 29 3.2.2 Operationalization of Well-Being..................... 29 References.................................................. 32 4 Empirical Findings.......................................... 35 4.1 Operationalization of Work-Related ICT Use during After-Hours................................... 36 4.2 Antecedents of Work-Related ICT Use After Hours............. 45 4.3 Consequences of Work-Related ICT Use After Hours........... 47 4.4 Work-Related ICT Use After Hours as Mediator................ 51 4.5 Work-Related ICT Use After Hours as Moderator.............. 52 ix
x Contents 4.6 Additional Assumptions................................... 53 4.7 Summary of the Research Findings and Conclusion............. 55 References.................................................. 56 5 Conceptual Framework with the Focus on Recovery and Well-Being Processes..................................... 61 5.1 Antecedents of Work-Related ICT Use After Hours............. 62 5.1.1 States........................................... 62 5.1.2 Personal Factors................................... 65 5.1.3 Environmental Factors.............................. 71 5.2 Consequences of Work-Related ICT Use After Hours........... 75 5.2.1 Consequences in the Evening........................ 75 5.2.2 Consequences Next Working Day..................... 77 5.3 Conceptual Framework of Work-Related ICT Use After Hours, Recovery, and Well-Being................... 77 5.3.1 Work-Related ICT Use After Hours as a Stressor......... 79 5.3.2 Work-Related ICT Use After Hours as a Resource........ 81 5.3.3 Work-Related ICT Use After Hours as a Demand......... 82 References.................................................. 86 6 Conclusion and Discussion.................................... 93 References.................................................. 96
About the Authors Lenka Ďuranová is a research associate of business psychology at the University of Kassel, Germany. She received a PhD in Literary and Cultural Studies from the Gießen University, Germany, in 2009. Her dissertation focused on motivation behind suicide. Lenka s research interests include employee well-being, occupational stress, and work attitudes. Her current research examines the role of workrelated use of new technology after hours for daily fluctuations in well-being. She can be contacted under lenka.duranova@uni-kassel.de. Sandra Ohly is a professor in business psychology at the University of Kassel, Germany, since 2010. She received her PhD from the Technical University of Braunschweig, Germany, in 2005 and her habilitation from the Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany, in 2010. Her research focuses on well-being, creativity, and proactive behavior. She is also interested in affective and motivational processes, oftentimes using diary methods. In a recent research project, she examines how smartphone use after hours relates to well-being and work-home interference. Her research has been published in the Journal of Organizational Behavior, Journal of Applied Psychology, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, and Journal of Business and Psychology. She is an associate editor of the Journal of Personnel Psychology and member of the editorial board of the Journal of Organizational Behavior, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, and Journal of Business and Psychology. She can be contacted under ohly@unikassel.de. xi
Abbreviations ICT Information and communication technology TASW Technology-assisted supplemental work (see Sect. 4.1 ) xiii