Lipid Estimation from Freshwater Prawn Macrobrachium malcomsonii

Advances in Biological Research 3 (5-6): 53-58, 29 ISSN 992-67 IDOSI Publications, 29 Lipid Estimation from Freshwater Prawn Macrobrachium malcomsonii 2 Lena Mahalingam, KolandhasamyPrabhu, Chandran Yuvaraj and P. Saravan Bhavan Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore - 64 46, India 2 Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Parangipettai-68 52, India Abstract: Prawn is a popular delicacy sold at high market price. In the present study the total lipid content of three tissues namely hepatopancreas, gills and muscles of the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium malcomsonii were analysed in two different groups. Among them, one group of Juveniles and three groups of sub adults with different sizes were selected. The results of the present study showed the variation in total lipid concentration of the hepatopancreas, gills and muscles in different stages. Among the two different stages such as juveniles and three groups of sub adults, the maximum lipid concentration was noticed in juvenile prawn muscles (.748±.48mg/g) and minimum in the hepatopancreas (.298±.6mg/g). In three groups of sub adults, the maximum lipid concentration was noticed hepatopancreas (.23±.22mg/g) in group IV and minimum was noticed muscle (.59±.5mg/g) in group II. Whereas the percentage difference between the groups were noticed maximum in group I vs. group IV (5.5%) and minimum was in group and 2 (4.67%). The total lipid content was found to be more in the hepatopancreas when compared to muscles and gills in both juveniles and three groups of sub adults. Key words: Prawn Macrobrachium malcomsonii Lipid Hepatopancreas Muscles Juveniles INTRODUCTION occurred []. The effect of protein and lipid sources on cholesterol concentrations in plasma, tissue and the Lipids are nutritionally significant in crustaceans. whole body have been studied in swine and other animals Comparisons of wild and captive crustaceans have [2]. The cholesterol supplementation in diets improves demonstrated the influence of dietary lipid composition biological performance of prawn Peneaus japonicus, [3] on fatty acid profiles of tissues and their subsequent eject lobsters Homarus americanus [4] mud crabs Scylla on reproductive success and spawning quality [-6]. serrata [5], Peneaus monodon [6] and pacific white Lipids play an important role during the development of shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei [7]. In spotted pinfish the decapod crustaceans, not only as energy source, but also highest monthly percent lipid in adults were found in as essential nutrients [7]. Lipids are believed to be one of September and lowest during April, it varies due to the key nutritional factors affecting egg hatching rates seasonal variation [8]. and larval survival [8]. Some essential fatty acids (EFA) In crustaceans, the hepatopancreas is generally have also been shown to be of special significance for regarded as a major lipid storage organ. In the case of gonad maturation and brood quality [9]. female crustaceans, ovaries also contain higher levels of About one hundred species of freshwater prawn lipid than other organs and this suggests that lipids are was recorded worldwide. Two members of the subfamily important for maturation of crustacean ovaries [9,3]. palaemonidae are potentially important for aquaculture in The fatty acid content and composition of the crustacean India; one is Macrobrachium rosenbergii and the other ovaries have a direct influence on reproduction, egg Macrobrachium malcomsonii []. The importance of survival and embryonic development [3-3]. The purpose lipid in aquaculture has been stressed in several culture of studies on variation and characteristics of fatty species. Decline in total lipid in crabs, Trapezia coralina acids in crustacean ovarian development at different and Trapezia ferrudinea resulted in decrease in number physiological stages is to understand the reproduction. of egg- carrying females, a high emigration rate, a slight Knowledge of biochemical composition of Crustacean is increase in mortality and a decline in defensive behavior helpful in evaluating their nutritive values. Our food must Corresponding Author: Dr. P. Saravana Bhavan, Lecturer, Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore - 64 46, India 53

contain carbohydrates, lipids and proteins and minerals in Estimation of Total Lipids: Total lipid was extracted from required quantities for balanced growth of these proteins the freeze-dried samples using dichloromethane/methanol form the basis of life i.e., they are essential for growth (2:) and measured gravimetrically [2] estimated by since they are the building blocks of any living cell. Barners and Blackstock [22] method. The freshwater prawn M. malcomsonii occupies 6% seafood exports and holds a unique position in both Standard Graph Preparation: Standard graph was captures and culture fisheries [2]. Since it is more prepared using cholesterol as standard. The different nutritious delicacy for human consumption and has high known quality of cholesterol as standard was taken in economic value in the world market, it is important to different test tubes and subjected to the prescribed estimate its nutrient contents such as protein, methodology for the estimation of lipid. The standard was carbohydrate and lipids. In the present study the taken in the X-axis and the corresponding O.D values concentration of lipids from different groups prawns, were plotted in the Y-axis. A linear line was drawn. M. malcomsonii was analyzed. RESULT AND DISCUSSION MATERIALS AND METHODS The variation in the total lipid concentration of Collection of Animals: The different sized fresh water juveniles and three groups of sub adults are shown in prawn, M. malcomsonii (Juveniles of 3-5cm and sub Table and Fig. -3. It was found to be in increasing trend adults of 6- cm were collected from Lower Anicut, from group I to Group IV (Group- IV > Group- III > Cauvery River, Tamilnadu, India. They were transported group- II > Group I). Among the three tissues tested the in oxygenated polythene bags and acclimatized to concentration of total lipid was found to be maximum in laboratory condition in cement aquaria (6' 3' 3 ) for two the hepatopancreas, less in the gills and least in the weeks. One group of Juveniles (3cms -5cms) and three muscle. Among them the lipid concentration of juveniles, groups of sub adults (Group-, 6-7cm; Group-2, 8-9cms maximum was noticed hepatopancreas (.748±.48mg/g) and Group-3, 9- cm) were selected. and minimum concentration in muscle (.298±.6). In sub adults the maximum lipid concentration was Maintenance of Animals: The animals were fed with noticed group IV (size 9-cm) in heptopancreas boiled egg albumin, beef liver, pulses and rice (.23±.22mg/g) and minimum was noticed group II alternatively. Water was adequately renewed. The fecal (5-7cm) in muscles (.59±.5mg/g). matters and the unfed feeds were removed daily. The air In the muscle tissue the percentage difference in pump is fixed with tank to supply adequate oxygen. concentration of the total lipid between group I and Group IV was found to be 5.5%. In the gills, the percentage of Collection of Tissue from the Animals: The tissues such total lipid increased between group I and group IV was as hepatopancreas, gills and muscle were dissected out 8.%. Similarly the percentage difference in the carefully and preserved in screw cap vials at C. For each hepatopancreas was 65.24%. The minimum percentage of group tissues from three prawns were dissected and total lipid decreased in hepatopancreas 4.67%. The overall pooled to constitute single observation and thus three percentage increase was found to be maximum in the such observations were made for each group. Therefore muscle than that of the gills and the hepatopancreas totally nine prawns were sacrificed for each group. (Table 2 and Fig. 4). Table : Concentration of total lipid (mg/g) in tissues of M. malcolmsoii Juveniles Sub adults ----------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Tissues Group (3-5cm) Group 2 (6-7cm) Group 3 (8-9cm) Group 4 (-cm) Hepatopancreas.748±.48.783±.8.93±.7.23±.22 Gills.38±.24.596±.5.696±.53.783±.84 Muscles.298±.6.59±.5.646±.4.74±.49 Each value is mean ± SD of three individual observations 54

Table 2: Percentage (%) difference in concentration of total lipid between different groups of M. malcolmsonii Juveniles Sub adults ------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Tissues Group vs. Group 2 Group 2 vs.group 3 Group 3 vs. Group 4 Group vs. Group 4 Hepatopancreas 4.67 8.77 32.99 65.24 Gills 6.29 47.6 5.7 8. Muscles 56.4 6.77 2.5 5.5 Lipid content (mg/g).5.5 LIPID CONTENT Group I Group II Group III Group IV Fig. : Concentration of total lipid (mg/g) in the Hepatopancreas of M. malcolmsonii Lipid content (mg/g).8.6.4.2 LIPID CONTENT Group I Group II Group III Group IV Fig. 2: Concentration of total lipid (mg/g) in the Gills of M. malcolmsonii Lipid content (mg/g).8.6.4.2 LIPID CONTENT Group I Group II Group III Group IV Fig. 3: Concentration of total lipid (mg/g) in the muscles of M. malcolmsonii Percentage (%) difference 2 8 6 4 2 HP GILLS MUSCLES I Vs II II Vs III III Vs IV I Vs IV Groups Fig. 4: Percentage (%) difference in concentration of total lipid between different groups of M. malcolmsonii 55

Cholesterol is a vital component of cell membranes dietary lipid concentration of 7-8% was the optimum level and is a precursor of bile acids, steroids and moulting for crustaceans [39]. A dietary lipid level of 8% supports hormones. It is reported to be one of the essential the best growth of P. japonicus [4]. A dietary lipid level nutrients for growth and survival of crustaceans [23]. of 8.% gives the highest gonad somatic index, a lipid Although various aspects of sterol metabolism including level higher than 9% negatively affects maturation of biosynthesis, side chain modification, absorption and L. vannamei [4] and lipid level greater than 3.9% transport are not fully understood, it is generally believed reduces the percentage of mating per night of female that most crustaceans require a dietary source of P. styliorostris [42]. cholesterol [24]. Poly unsaturated fatty acids are essential Dietary fatty acids are not stored in shrimp body but for the growth of crustaceans. They have been reported in the hepatopancreas as energy source [43]. Egg bearing to improve the growth of freshwater prawn M. rosenbergii females of Macrobrachium nobili have a higher caloric [25] and other prawns such as Peneaus chinensis [256], value as compared to M. malcomsonii and are the Peneaus japonicus [27], Peneaus indicus [28] and excellent source of polyunsaturated fatty acids which are Peneaus duodarum [29]. fatty acids essential for human health.lipids play an Hepatopancreas is a bilaterally bilobed brown important role in embryonic metabolism as they are the yellowish organ. The structure formed by mass of blood most important energy source and provide at least 6% of tubules. It is the major lipid storage organ [3]. Lipids in the total energy expended by the developing crustacean digestive glands have also been hypothesized to be embryo [44]. In M. rosenbergii decline of lipid level during possible substrate and suitable site for energy storage in growth period suggest probable utilization of lipids as the cephalopods [3]. In the present results suggested that major metabolic source of energy [45]. the lipid content muscles more in sub adults stage then In the present study the total lipid content of three juveniles. tissues namely hepatopancreas, gills and muscles were In Gammarus locusta, the similarity of lipid classes analyzed. The result shows an increasing trend due to the found in the different age classes and concentration of increase in size during growth. The total lipid content was each component in whole body increased with age. The found to be maximum in the hepatopancreas when total lipid concentration was found to be higher in adults compared to muscles and gills. The lipid content may vary than in juvenilies [32]. A juvenile has lower lipid levels due to the types of food intake, climate, age, sex and found in benthic amphipods Pentoporeia fernata, habitat etc. Monopereai affinis [33]. In the estuarine crab, Chasmagnathus granulata the gills and muscle lipids ACKNOWLEDGMENT were significantly lower when subjected to hypo osmotic stress than those subjected to the hyper osmotic stress or I am great full to Prof. G. Vanithakumari and maintained at control salinity [34]. In P. esculentus, the Prof. S. Sasikala, Head of the Department, Department of total lipid levels in epidermis were high in late premoult Zoology and my classmates for encourage and valuable and early post moulting. When new cuticle is being helps during study period. secreted, cuticle lipid together with other major components was reabsorbed from old cuticle prior to REFERENCES ecdysis, however the cuticle phospholipids appeared to be labile at all moult stage [35]. Similarly in the present. Middleditch, B.S., S.R. Missller and D.G. Ward, result showing the total lipid was maximum in sub adult 98. Metabolic profiles of penaeid shrimp: stage then juveniles in all three parts such as Dietary lipids and ovarian maturation. J. Chromatogr., hepatopancreas, gills and muscles respectively. 95: 359-368. The total lipid content of the freshwater prawn 2. O'Leary, C.D. and A.D. Matthews, 99. Lipid class M. malcomsonii was found to be greater than marine distribution and fatty acid composition of wild and shrimp [36]. In Ommasterephid squidllex, the high lipid farmed prawn, Penaeus monodon (Fabricius). content of digestive gland of female provides fuel to Aquaculture, 89: 65-8. support the extended brooding period of the gonatids 3. Alava, V.R., A. Kanazawa, S. Teshima and S. Koshio, [37]. Voogt et al. [38] reported that cephalopods are able 993. Effects of dietary phospholipids and n-3 highly to synthesize sterols, although molluscs in general unsaturated fatty acids on ovarian development of appearance can carry out this biosynthesis slowly. The Kuruma prawn. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi, 59: 345-35. 56

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