DETECTION OF CHANGE Event-Related Potential and jmri Findings

DETECTION OF CHANGE Event-Related Potential and jmri Findings

DETECTION OF CHANGE Event-Related Potential and fmri Findings edited by John Polich, Ph.D. The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, LLC

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Title: DETECTION OF CHANGE: Event-Related Potential and imri Findings Editor: John Polich ISBN 978-1-4613-5008-8 ISBN 978-1-4615-0294-4 (ebook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-0294-4 A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. Copyright 2003 by Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2003 Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover 1st edition 2003 AII rights reserved. No part ofthis work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilm ing, record ing, or otherwise, without the written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser ofthe work. Permission for books published in Europe: permissions@wkap.nl Permission for books published in the United States of America: permissions@wkap.com Printed an acid-free paper.

Table of Contents Contributors... vii Introduction... ix MISMATCH NEGATIVITY Chapter 1... 1 AUDITORY ENVIRONMENT AND CHANGE DETECTION AS INDEXED BY THE MISMATCH NEGATIVITY (MMN) Anu Kujala and Risto NiUWinen Chapter 2... 23 EVENT -RELATED BRAIN POTENTIAL INDICES OF INVOLUNTARY ATTENTION TO AUDITORY STIMULUS CHANGES Kimmo Alho, Carles Escera, and Erich Schroger Chapter 3... 41 VISUAL MISMATCH NEGATIVITY Dirk J. Heslenfeld Chapter 4... 61 CHANGE DETECTION IN COMPLEX AUDITORY ENVIRONMENT: BEYOND THE ODDBALL PARADIGM Istvan Winkler P3AANDP3B Chapter 5... 83 THEORETICAL OVERVIEW OF P3a AND P3b John Polich

VI Table of Contents Chapter 6... 99 LATERAL AND ORBITAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX CONTRIBUTIONS TO ATTENTION Kaisa M. Hartikainen and Robert T. Knight Chapter 7... 117 ERP AND fmri CORRELATES OF TARGET AND NOVELTY PROCESSING Bertram Opitz EEG, MEMORY, AND GAMMA Chapter 8... 133 EEG AND ERP IMAGING OF BRAIN FUNCTION Alan Gevins, Michael E. Smith, and Linda K. McEvoy Chapter 9... 149 EEG THETA, MEMORY, AND SLEEP Wolfgang Klimesch Chapter 10... 167 GAMMA ACTIVITY IN THE HUMAN EEG Christoph S. Herrmann Index... 185

Contributors KIMMOALHO Cognitive Brain Research Unit University of Helsinki CARLES ESCERA Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology University of Barcelona ALANGEVINS San Francisco Brain Research Institute & SAM Technology KAISA M. HARTIKAINEN and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute University of California, Berkeley CHRISTOPH S. HERRMANN Max-Planck-Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience Leipzig DIRK J. HESLENFELD Free University WOLFGANG KLIMESCH Department of Physiological Psychology University of Salzburg ROBERT T. KNIGHT Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute University of California, Berkeley ANUKUJALA Cognitive Brain Research Unit University of Helsinki

viii Contributors LINDA K. McEVOY San Francisco Brain Research Institute & SAM Technology RISTO NAATANEN Cognitive Brain Research Unit University of Helsinki BERTRAM OPITZ Experimental Neuropsychology Unit Saarland University JOHN POLICH Department of Neuropharmacology The Scripps Research Institute ERICH SCHROGER Institute for General Psychology University of Leipzig MICHAEL E. SMITH San Francisco Brain Research Institute & SAM Technology ISTVAN WINKLER Institute of Psychology Hungarian Academy of Sciences Cognitive Brain Research Unit, University of Helsinki

INTRODUCTION 1. DETECTION OF CHANGE As sensory stimuli are experienced, adaptive neural mechanisms extract infonnation from these events. However, the processes underlying this capability are not yet well understood and continue to inspire research efforts. Measures of brain activity when a change in stimulation occurs can be assessed with electroencephalography (EEG), event-related brain potential (ERP), and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fmri) techniques. The chapters in this book are snapshots of the recent progress made with these methods. The central theme is the detection of change when stimulus parameters are well controlled. The main questions are: Where and how does neural change detection occur? Are similar processes elicited across modalities? How do these events contribute to cognition? Leading experts have reviewed these issues, with background material integrated into each chapter. Topics include analysis of mismatch negativity, P3a/P3b theory and sources, human lesion studies, how EEG reflects cognition, and stimulus binding. These areas serve as the backdrop for discussions of stimulus modality ERP effects, the conjoint use of fmri methods, and neuroelectric models of attention, perception, and memory. 2. ORGANIZATION AND CONTENTS The text covers the gamut of experimental studies using stimulus change paradigms, with clinical data augmenting the utility of the methods. The book's chapters are organized around the major topics of MMN, P300, and EEG oscillations to provide a spectrum on how modem neuroimaging methods can measure stimulus change processing. The authors constructed the chapters as they deemed appropriate but were encouraged to write for a broad audience by reviewing results in their theoretical context. This goal was very well met, so that the contents are fresh and the literature distillations helpful and infonnative. The first section on MMN provides a very assessable precis of this huge ERP research area. Kujala and NiiiiUinen lead offwith a synopsis of the field that sets the stage for the subsequent chapters. The historical developments of the MMN, its theory, and clinical applications are clearly limned. Alho, Escera, and Schroger then examine the relationships among MMN, P3a, and reorienting negativity produced by auditory/visual stimulus interactions. The measurement precision and integrative results are illuminative and important. Heslenfeld describes

x Introduction the background for and the data from a series of innovative studies that appear to elicit the elusive visual MMN. The results are exciting and the implications for future MMN work intriguing. Winkler thoughtfully tackles the fundamental assumptions underlying MMN by going "beyond the oddball paradigm." How a deviant stimulus can be defined is discussed with compelling scholarly force in this provocative chapter. The second section extends these topics by dissecting the P300 into its constituent P3a and P3b subcomponents. Polich presents an overview of P300 theory and outlines how the P3a and P3b may interact. Stimulus novelty per se is not required for P3a generation under appropriate task conditions, so the psychological origins of this potential and the P3b can be reasonably inferred. Hartikainen and Knight cogently review ERP data from neurologically lesioned patients. The findings delineate how different brain structures contribute to P3a and P3b and are of keen theoretical interest. Opitz reports on P300 studies that integrate ERP and fmri methods in normal subjects. The data from both approaches are constrained by current source density analysis to help isolate P3a and P3b neural loci in a technically rigorous fashion The third section focuses on EEG oscillations. Gevins, Smith, and McEvoy succinctly summarize EEG methods by highlighting how advanced techniques can magnify the sensitivity of this brain measure. The findings forcefully demonstrate that increased resolution and sophisticated analysis clearly abet cognitive neuroscience. Klimesch provides an informative review of the relationship between EEG and memory processes. Event-related de synchronization (ERS) data from sophisticated designs appear to reflect the genesis of memory formation. Hermann describes the technical basis of gamma activity and how it may underlie stimulus binding. The illustrative studies strongly support the excitement of the "gamma bandits" that the origins of perceptual consciousness can be measured. 3. FINAL COMMENTS As this summary suggests, the book's chapters encapsulate the recent findings on how electric and magnetic measures reflect detection of stimulus change. Putting this project together has been immensely stimulating and rewarding. I sincerely and very much thank all of the authors for their contributions and patient collegial support. The superb technical skills of Angela Caires and Nancy Callahan are gratefully acknowledged. I also thank Floyd Bloom for helping to make all this possible. John Polich La Jolla, California September, 2002