Speech Phonological (sound system) Fluency Voice Language Hearing Prevalence 10% of population have speech, language, hearing problems 6% have speech and language problems Vary depending on Age Gender Racial/ethnic background Geographic region 1
Defective Speech Conspicuous Unintelligible Unpleasant (Van Riper & Erickson, 1996) Classification Symptoms 1. Phonological disorders 2. Language impairments 3. Voice disorders 4. Fluency disorders Causes/etiologies 1. Organic (demonstrable pathology of a system 2. Functional (unable to identify organic etiology 1. Phonological Disorders Articulation problem Cannot physically produce the sound Substitution, omission, distortion, addition Phonology problem Rule based (Often considered language problem) Phonological Processing Disorders When common phonological processes continue past expected age of suppression or unusual process exhibited 2
Phonological Processes (see Chapter 7) Common Phonological Processes Syllable Structure Processes Substitution Processes Assimilatory Processes Unusual Phonological Process Favorite Sound Substitution 2. Language Impairments heterogeneous group of developmental and/ or acquired disorders and/or delays principally characterized by deficits and/or immaturities in the use of spoken or written language for comprehension and/or production purposes that may involve the form, content, and/or function of language in any combination. Owens, 1999 Specific Language Impairment significant limitations in language functioning that cannot be attributed to deficits in hearing, oral structure and function, or general intelligence Heterogeneous group Characteristics Greater failure Trouble initiating interaction Problems with conversational turn taking Acquire first words later Slower vocabulary growth Fewer grammatical morphemes Leonard, 1987 3
Mental Retardation significantly subaverage general intellectual functioning existing concurrently with deficits in adapted behavior and manifested during the developmental period. (AAMR) IQ of 68 or lower Characteristics Slower vocabulary growth Shorter and less complex sentences Concrete semantic usage Phonological processes continue Normal Distribution 4
Bell Shaped Curve members.aol.com/svennord/ed/normal.gif Normal Distribution 5
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Anatomy of the Ear Auricle(pinna) 9
The Outer Ear conductive blockage of the canal (cerumen) damage to the tympanic membrane Prenatal causes developmental atresia (blockage) illnesses ingestion of street drugs Perinatal causes trauma due to violent uterine contractions forceps delivery Postnatal causes cerumen tumor The Middle Ear Malleus Eustachian tube The Middle Ear lined with mucous membrane Eustachian tube connects to nasopharynx contains ossicles (three smallest bones in body) deals primarily with mechanical energy 10
The Middle Ear Prenatal causes congenital malformations craniofacial pathology syndromes Perinatal causes trauma due to violent uterine contractions forceps delivery Postnatal causes Otitis Media medical management, antibiotics, PE tubes Otosclerosis adults The Inner Ear Two parts Vestibular Apparatus (balance) Cochlea (sensory portion of hearing) converts mechanical energy to electrochemical energy The Inner Ear 11
The Inner Ear Prenatal causes heredity anoxia virus Rh incompatibility Perinatal causes birth process itself Postnatal causes viral infection (mumps and measles) noise tumors age (presbycusis) The Auditory Nerve and the Brain Prenatal causes maternal viral infections genetic disorders ingested or inhaled substances Perinatal causes trauma (violent uterine contractions or forceps) restricted blood flow (umbilical strangulation) Postnatal causes trauma (accidents, wounds) tumors (pressure or removal) presbycusis Voice Disorders Any deviation in Pitch Quality Intensity 12
Fluency Disorders Developmental stuttering Neurogenic/psychogenic stuttering Cluttering 13