EXCRETION QUESTIONS Use the following information to answer the next two questions. 1. Filtration occurs at the area labeled A. V B. X C. Y D. Z 2. The antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) acts on the area labeled\ A. W B. X C. Y D. Z 3. If the urine of a healthy person were analyzed. there would he only trace amounts of A. litre a B. water C. glucose D. mineral salts 4. Plasma moves into the Bowman's capsule because of A. osmosis B. diffusion C. force filtration D. active transport
5. The inability of a pituitary gland to release an antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) would inhibit the reabsorption of A. water B. glucose C. amino acids D. sodium ions 6. If a person drinks a large amount of water, his blood becomes diluted. The body immediately reacts by A. increasing salt retention in the kidney B. decreasing salt retention in the kidney C. secreting vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) D. inhibiting the secretion of vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) 7. The filtering process in the kidney depends MAINLY on A. osmosis B. reabsorption C. blood pressure D. active transport 8. Dialysis machines purity blood by passing it through semi-permeable cellophane tubing immersed in a tank of dialysing fluid. Wastes are transferred through the tubing into the fluid. A system of this type can perform all the functions of a normal kidney except the A. diffusion of salts into the blood B. osmosis of water into the collecting duct C. filtration of smaller particles into the nephron D. active transport of substances out of the blood 9. The presence of antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) in the wall of the collecting duct of the nephron ensures that A. the blood pressure will be lowered B. more water will appear in the urine C. sodium will be reabsorbed into the bloodstream D. more water will be reabsorbed into the bloodstream 10. Urea is formed from A. sugars in the liver B. sugars in the kidney C. excess amino acids in the liver D. excess amino acids in the kidney 11. Under normal conditions proteins are found in the fluid of the A. glomerulus B. loop of Henle C. proximal tubule D. Bowman's capsule
12. One function of the kidney is to A. form urea B. regulate body temperature C. regulate the acid-base balance D. secrete antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) 13. Which is the correct sequence of structures through which a molecule of water passes before it is eliminated from the body? A. Tubule urethra bladder ureter B. Bowman's capsule tubule ureter urethra C. Bowman's capsule glomerulus tubule ureter D. Collecting tubule distal tubule ureter bladder 14. Amino acids move from the glomerulus to Bowman's capsule because of A. diffusion B. endocytosis C. blood pressure D. active transport 15. Blood enters the kidney through the A. aorta B. vena cava C. renal vein D. renal artery 16. Production of urea results primarily from the metabolism of A. fats B. amino acids C. nucleic acids D. carbohydrates 17. Between the proximal tubule and the loop of Henle the change in glucose concentration is due to A. osmosis B. filtration C. exocytosis D. reabsorption 18. Aldosterone acts on kidney tubules causing an increase in the reabsorption of A. urea B. glucose C. sodium ions D. amino acids
19. The correct sequence of structures through which a molecule of urea would pass is A. Bowman's capsule glomerulus tubules and loop of Henle ureter collecting duct bladder urethra B. glomerulus Bowman's capsule tubules and loop of Henle collecting duct urethra bladder ureter C. Bowman's capsule glomerulus tubules and loop of Henle collecting duct ureter bladder urethra D. glomerulus Bowman's capsule tubules and loop of Henle collecting duct ureter bladder urethra 20. Which statement best expresses the relationship between ADH levels in the blood and the formation of concentrated or dilute urine? A. Low levels of ADH result in the production of concentrated urine. B. High levels of ADH result in the production of concentrated urine. C. Low levels of ADH result in greater reabsorption of water by the blood. D. High levels of ADH result in greater reabsorption of salt by distal tubules. 21. Diabetes insipidus is a disease that results in an excessive volume of highly dilute urine. This is probably due to A. low TSH levels B. low ADH levels C. high TSH levels D. high ADH levels Use the following information to answer the next question. 22. If the concentration of a substance is 0.01 g / L in the structure labelled W and 0.10 g / L in the structure labelled X, then the substance is probably A. retained in the blood B. reabsorbed by tubule cells C. not reabsorbed by tubule cells D. returned to the circulatory system
Use the following information to answer question 54. 23. If the concentration of a substance is 0.01 g/l at X and 0.0001 g/l at Y, then that substance is MOST LIKELY A. not required by the tubules B. secreted by the tubule cells C. reabsorbed from the tubules D. metabolized by the tubule cells 24. Most reabsorption of glucose in the nephron occurs in the A. distal tubule B. loop of Henle C. proximal tubule D. collecting ducts 25. A function of aldosterone in the body is to A. help regulate urea formation B. help regulate the body fluid volume C. stimulate the oxidation of amino acids D. stimulate the adrenal glands to produce adrenalin
26. Most of the glomerular filtrate that enters a nephron is A. converted to urea B. retained in the glomerulus C. excreted through the bladder D. reabsorbed into the capillaries 27. In an insulin-deficient human, there is excretion of glucose in the urine even though the diet is carbohydratefree. This observation is explained by the fact that A. urea is either manufactured or stored in the liver B. amino acids are converted by the liver into glucose C. amino acids are synthesized in the liver from glucose D. glucose is continually manufactured in the liver from carbon dioxide and water 28. If a person has a damaged pituitary gland and has lost the ability to secrete ADH the urine would have a high concentration of A. protein B. glucose C. water D. urea 29. After an individual drinks large quantities of water, the blood becomes slightly diluted. The body immediately reacts by A. increasing the secretion of ADH B. decreasing the secretion of ADH C. increasing the secretion of aldosterone from the adrenal glands D. reabsorbing more sodium ions from the filtrate of the nephron into the blood 30. In the kidney, active transport occurs when A. glucose molecules move from the glomerulus to Bowman's capsule B. amino acids are rcabsorbed into the blood from the proximal tubule C. small particles are separated from large particles by the capsule of the nephron D. water moves from a region of lower solute concentration to one of a higher solute concentration through a selectively permeable membrane 31. Filtration of blood plasma by the nephron occurs between the A. arteries and the loop of Henle B. glomerulus and Bowman's capsule C. capillaries and the distal tubule D. capillaries and the proximal tubule 32. The normal sequence of processes in urine formation is A. filtration, reabsorption, tubular secretion B. reabsorption, filtration, tubular secretion C. tubular secretion, filtration, reabsorption D. tubular secretion, reabsorption, filtration
Use the following information to answer the next question. 33. Removal of chloride ions and sodium ions from the filtrate in structure Y allows for A. the secretion of glucose into the distal tubule B. further reabsorption of all filtrate components C. further reabsorption of water in the distal tubule D. the secretion of nitrogenous wastes into the distal tubule 34. The factor that exerts negative feedback control over the release of ADH is the amount of A. ADH in the blood B. ADH in the urine C. water in the blood D. water in the urine 35. A human blood sample contains a greater concentration of urea than normal. This may have been caused by the person having eaten excessive amounts of A. fat B. sugar C. starch D. protein
Use the following information to answer the next question. 36. The most likely occurrence at W is A. a decrease in urine output and a decrease in blood pressure B. a decrease in urine output and an increase in blood pressure C. an increase in urine output and a decrease in blood pressure D. an increase in urine output and an increase in blood pressure 37. Blood leaving a kidney has lost much of its A. urea B. plasma C. glucose D. vitamins 38. Glomerulonephritis is an inflammatory condition that causes the walls of the glomeruli to become swollen and ruptured. The BEST indication of this condition would be the presence of A. glucose in the urine B. urea and amino acids in the urine C. red blood cells and plasma proteins in the urine D. glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids in the urine
Use the following data to answer the next question. Samples Taken from a Human Kidney Component Composition of Samples (g/100 ml of fluid) Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Urea 0.03 0.03 2.00 Glucose 0.10 0.10 0.00 Protein 0.007 7.000 0.000 39. Sample 2 was most likely taken from the A. glomerulus B. loop of Henle C. distal tubule D. collecting tubule 40. The correct sequence depicting flow of materials through the nephron is A. proximal tubule Bowman's capsule distal tubule loop of Henle collecting tubule B. Bowman's capsule distal tubule loop of Henle proximal tubule collecting tubule C. proximal tubule distal tubule collecting tubule Bowman's capsule loop of Henle D. Bowman's capsule proximal tubule loop of Henle distal tubule collecting tubule 41. A MAJOR function of the kidney is the A. deamination of amino acids B. chemical breakdown of urea C. removal of glucose from the blood D. removal of nitrogenous wastes from the blood 42. A patient is diagnosed as suffering from high blood pressure. The physician chooses to treat the patient with a drug that is OPPOSITE in function to antidiuretic hormone (ADH) because the drug will A. increase the reabsorption of water, which will lower the blood volume B. decrease the reabsorption of water, which will lower the blood volume C. decrease the reabsorption of water, which will raise the blood volume D. increase the reabsorption of water, which will raise the blood volume 43. Through which sequence of structures does a molecule of urea pass as it is eliminated from the body? A. Renal artery proximal tubule urethra ureter B. Renal vein Bowman's capsule urethra ureter C. Bowman's capsule distal tubule bladder urethra D. Glomerulus loop of Henle bladder collecting duct 44. Fluid is delivered to the urinary bladder by the A. ureters B. urethra C. renal veins D. collecting ducts
Use the following diagram to answer the next question. 45. The HIGHEST concentration of mitochondria would be expected in the cells of the area labelled A. Q B. R C. S D. T 46. In urine, the absence of large protein molecules is due to their inability to pass into A. collecting ducts B. Bowman's capsules C. the urinary bladder D. proximal convoluted tubules 47. Two important sources of the nitrogenous compounds excreted in urine are A. fats and sugars B. sugars and proteins C. nucleic acids and proteins D. nucleic acids and phospholipids EXCRETION SYSTEM QUESTIONS FROM JUNE DIPLOMA EXAMS Page 10 of 22
Use the following diagrams to answer the next question. 48. The processes shown in the three diagrams from left to right are A. filtration, reabsorption, and secretion B. filtration, secretion, and reabsorption C. secretion, reabsorption, and filtration D. secretion, filtration, and reabsorption Use the following information to answer the next question. Possible Responses to Dehydration of the Human Body I. Increased water in the blood II. Decreased water in the blood III. Increased release of ADH IV. Decreased release of ADH V. Increased water reabsorption by the kidneys VI. Decreased water reabsorption by the kidneys 49. In order to restore homeostasis in an individual, which sequence of responses occurs when the individual becomes dehydrated through prolonged perspiration? A. I, III, and V B. I, IV, and VI C. II, III, and V D. II, IV, and VI 50. Which function is not carried out by human kidneys? A. The regulation of the ph of the blood B. The formation of urea from excess amino acids C. The removal of metabolic wastes from the blood D. The regulation of the amount of water in the blood EXCRETION SYSTEM QUESTIONS FROM JUNE DIPLOMA EXAMS Page 11 of 22
Use the following diagram to answer the next two questions. 51. An increase in blood pressure would most directly affect the function of the structure labeled A. H B. K C. M D. P 52. The concentration of urea is greatest in the structure labeled A. M B. N C. P D. Q 53. A molecule of urea passes through which sequence of structures in the excretory system? A. Glomerulus, Bowman's capsule, loop of Henle, collecting duct, ureter, bladder, urethra B. Bowman's capsule, glornerulus, loop of Henle, collecting duct, ureter, bladder, urethra C. Bowman's capsule, glomerulus, loop of Henle, ureter, collecting duct, bladder, urethra D. Glomerulus, Bowman's capsule, loop of Henle, collecting duct, urethra, bladder, ureter 54. A dialysis machine has a membrane that is permeable to water, urea, uric acid, ammonia, salts, and glucose. The membrane is impermeable to protein molecules. In relation to the blood flowing through the dialysis machine, the dialyzing solution must have A. the same concentrations of urea and salts B. lower concentrations of glucose and protein C. lower concentrations of urea, uric acid, and ammonia, and higher or equal concentrations of glucose D. higher concentrations of urea, uric acid, and ammonia, and lower or equal concentrations of glucose EXCRETION SYSTEM QUESTIONS FROM JUNE DIPLOMA EXAMS Page 12 of 22
Use the following diagram to answer the next question. 55. The concentration of glucose is lower in the structure labeled A. 1 than in the structure labeled 2 B. 3 than in the structure labeled 1 C. 4 than in the structure labeled 2 D. 4 than in the structure labeled 3 Use the following table to answer the next question. Aldosterone Secretion Plasma Electrolytes (meq/l) Na + K + Cl - HCO 3 - Normal 142 4.5 105 25 Below normal 120 6.7 85 25 Above normal 148 2.4 96 41 56. Aldosterone affects kidney function and therefore affects plasma composition. It is evident from the table that above normal secretion of aldosterone causes an increase in the A. excretion of Cl - and HCO 3 - B. reabsorption of K + and the excretion of Na + C. reabsorption of Na + and the excretion of K + D. excretion of Na + and the reabsorption of Cl + EXCRETION SYSTEM QUESTIONS FROM JUNE DIPLOMA EXAMS Page 13 of 22
Use the following table to answer the next question. Dialyzing Fluid from an Artificial Kidney Compared with Uremic Plasma and Normal Plasma Constituent Dialyzing Fluid Uremic Plasma Normal Plasma Electrolytes (units/l) Na + 142 142 142 K + 4 7 5 Ca 2+ 3 2 3 Cl - 107 107 107 HCO - 3 27 14 27 HPO 2-4 0 9 3 Nonelectrolytes (mg/dl) Glucose 125 100 100 Urea 0 200 26 Note: Assume that the dialysis membrane of the artificial kidney is permeable to all the plasma constituents listed in the table. Uremic plasma refers to the plasma of a person suffering from kidney failure. 57. Which three substances will undergo a net movement into dialyzing fluid from uremic plasma? A. Ca 2+, Na +, and Cl - B. Ca 2+, HCO 3 -, and glucose C. K +, HPO4 2-, and urea D. Na +, glucose, and urea 58. Specialized cells in the hypothalamus called osmoreceptors monitor the concentration of water in the blood and control the release of ADH. The event most likely to cause osmoreceptors to initiate the release of ADH is A. depletion of blood glucose B. dehydration of the tissues C. storage of urine in the bladder D. accumulation of water in the tissues 59. Which structure transports urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder? A. Ureter B. Urethra C. Loop of Henle D. Collecting duct 60. Which metabolic wastes are removed from the blood by nephrons? A. Urea, glucose, and water B. Urea, hydrogen ions, and water C. Amino acids, glucose, and carbon dioxide D. Amino acids, hydrogen ions, and carbon dioxide EXCRETION SYSTEM QUESTIONS FROM JUNE DIPLOMA EXAMS Page 14 of 22
Use the following information to answer the next question. Acute Glomerulonephritis In acute glomerulonephritis, many of the glomeruli of the kidneys become blocked by inflammation. Other glomeruli become permeable to erythrocytes and large molecules. Characteristics and Test Results of Urine Samples from Two Individuals Urine Sample Color of Urine Biuret Test Test for Iron Test for Urea From a healthy individual yellow negative negative positive From a person suffering from acute glomerulonephritis W X Y Z 61. Which words for W, X, Y, and Z describe the test results for a person suffering from acute glomerulonephritis? A. W-red, X-negative, Y-positive, and Z-negative B. W-red, X-positive, Y-positive, and Z-positive C. W-yellow, X-negative, Y-negative, and Z-positive D. W-yellow, X-positive, Y-negative, and Z-negative Use the following diagram to answer the next question. 62. In a healthy person, the sequence of structures through which a molecule of glucose passes is A. F, J, G, and H B. G, J, F, and K C. H, G, J, and F D. H, J, G, and K EXCRETION SYSTEM QUESTIONS FROM JUNE DIPLOMA EXAMS Page 15 of 22
63. Which graph best represents the relationship between arterial blood pressure in the kidney and urinary volume output in litres per 24 hours? 64. In humans, renal veins carry blood from the kidneys to the A. superior vena cava B. inferior vena cava C. pulmonary vein D. aorta 65. Blood leaving the liver has a high concentration of urea, which is formed by the A. digestion of protein B. denaturation of protein C. deamination of amino acids D. detoxification of fatty acids 66. The movement of fluid from blood in the glomerulus to Bowman's capsule is called A. filtration B. diffusion C. reabsorption D. active transport EXCRETION SYSTEM QUESTIONS FROM JUNE DIPLOMA EXAMS Page 16 of 22
Use the following diagram to answer the next three questions. 67. Water is reabsorbed from the three structures labelled A. 1, 3, and 9 B. 1, 6, and 8 C. 3, 5, and 8 D. 5, 6, and 9 68. The concentration of urea is greatest in the blood vessel labelled A. 2 B. 4 C. 7 D. 9 69. An increase in blood levels of both aldosterone and ADH would most directly affect the structure labelled A. 1 B. 5 C. 6 D. 8 EXCRETION SYSTEM QUESTIONS FROM JUNE DIPLOMA EXAMS Page 17 of 22
Use the following information to answer the next question. 70. Which statement is a correct conclusion based on these test results? A. The tubules of the kidney reabsorb all available glucose. B. The tubules of the kidney have a maximum potential for reabsorbing glucose. C. The permeability of the collecting ducts to glucose decreases, slowing reabsorption. D. The extra glucose triggers a decrease in cellular respiration; therefore, glucose is excreted. 71. In the human kidney, increased blood pressure directly affects the function of the A. glomerulus B. distal tubule C. loop of Henle D. A collecting duct 72. As filtrate is processed in the kidney to form urine, there is a change in the concentration of solutes present in the fluid within nephric tubules. Which substance in this fluid undergoes the greatest increase in concentration? A. Urea B. Glucose C. Amino acids D. Sodium ions EXCRETION SYSTEM QUESTIONS FROM JUNE DIPLOMA EXAMS Page 18 of 22
Use the following information to answer the next question. 73. Peritoneal (abdominal) dialysis and the artificial kidney machine function in similar ways. Which steps are similar in both procedures? A. 1 and 5, 2 and 4, 3 and 6 B. 1 and 5, 2 and 6, 3 and 4 C. 1 and 6, 2 and 4, 3 and 5 D. 1 and 6, 2 and 5, 3 and 4 EXCRETION SYSTEM QUESTIONS FROM JUNE DIPLOMA EXAMS Page 19 of 22
Use the following information to answer the next question. 74. Which row correctly identifies the symbols used in the diagram? Symbol Row A protein glucose urea B glucose protein urea C glucose urea protein D protein urea glucose 75. In the liver, urea is produced as a result of the breakdown of A. fats B. glucose C. glycogen D. amino acids EXCRETION SYSTEM QUESTIONS FROM JUNE DIPLOMA EXAMS Page 20 of 22
76. Which is the best illustration of the transport of Na+ and H2O between the distal tubule of a nephron and its surrounding interstitial fluid in a dehydrated person? Use the diagram at the right to answer the next two questions. 77. The fluid that is most similar in composition to plasma is found in the structure labelled A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 EXCRETION SYSTEM QUESTIONS FROM JUNE DIPLOMA EXAMS Page 21 of 22
78. If the structure labelled 3 were reduced in length, what would happen in the kidney, even if ADH and aldosterone were present? A. Urine volume would increase. B. Blood volume would increase. C. More Na + ions would be reabsorbed. D. Osmotic pressure in the blood would decrease. 79. When a person drinks alcohol, the amount of urine produced increases. The physiological reason for this is that alcohol A. stimulates ADH secretion and more water is reabsorbed B. stimulates ADH secretion and less water is reabsorbed C. inhibits ADH secretion and more water is reabsorbed D. inhibits ADH secretion and less water is reabsorbed Use the following information to answer the next question. Some Characteristics and Components of Normal Urine Characteristic/Component Description/Amount Volume Colour Cloudiness 1-2 litres/24 h yellow or amber transparent when fresh but becomes cloudy upon standing ph 4.6-8.0 Specific gravity (density) 1.001-1.035 Urea Creatinine Uric Acid NaCl Potassium ions Sulfate ions Phosphate ions Other substances 80. Why are some values in the table given as ranges of numbers? A. Waste production occurs only after meals or exercise. B. Some substances are continually filtered by the kidneys. C. Excretion of substances is determined by activity and diet. D. A Many substances are retained in the blood and not excreted. 25.0-35.0 g/24 h 1.5 g/24 h 0.4-1.0 g/24 h 15.0 g/24 h 3.3 g/24 h 2.5 g/24 h 2.5 g/24 h 4.8 g/24 h EXCRETION SYSTEM QUESTIONS FROM JUNE DIPLOMA EXAMS Page 22 of 22