New Insights in Intracerebral Hemorrhage

New Insights in Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Frontiers of Neurology and Neuroscience Vol. 37 Series Editor J. Bogousslavsky Montreux

New Insights in Intracerebral Hemorrhage Volume Editors Kazunori Toyoda Suita, Osaka Craig S. Anderson Sydney, N.S.W. Stephan A. Mayer New York, N.Y. 31 figures and 20 tables, 2016 Basel Freiburg Paris London New York Chennai New Delhi Bangkok Beijing Shanghai Tokyo Kuala Lumpur Singapore Sydney

Frontiers of Neurology and Neuroscience Vols. 1 18 were published as Monographs in Clinical Neuroscience Prof. Kazunori Toyoda Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Suita, Osaka 565-8565 (Japan) Prof. Stephan A. Mayer Institute for Crititcal Care Medicine The Mount Sinai Hospital New York, NY 10029 (USA) Prof. Craig S. Anderson The George Institute for Global Health University of Sydney and Royal Prince Alfred Hospital Sydney, NSW 2050 (Australia) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data New insights in intracerebral hemorrhage / volume editors, Kazunori Toyoda, Craig S. Anderson, Stephan A. Mayer. p. ; cm. -- (Frontiers of neurology and neuroscience, ISSN 1660-4431 ; vol. 37) Includes bibliographical references and indexes. ISBN 978-3-318-05596-2 (hard cover : alk. paper) -- ISBN 978-3-318-05597-9 (e-isbn) I. Toyoda, Kazunori (Physician), editor. II. Anderson, Craig S., editor. III. Mayer, Stephan A., editor. IV. Series: Frontiers of neurology and neuroscience ; v. 37. 1660-4431 [DNLM: 1. Cerebral Hemorrhage--diagnosis. 2. Cerebral Hemorrhage--therapy. W1 MO568C v.37 2016 / WL 355] RC388.5 616.81--dc23 2015033406 Bibliographic Indices. This publication is listed in bibliographic services, including Current Contents and Index Medicus. Disclaimer. The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publisher and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements in the book is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements. Drug Dosage. The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any change in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Copyright 2016 by S. Karger AG, P.O. Box, CH 4009 Basel (Switzerland) www.karger.com Printed in Switzerland on acid-free and non-aging paper (ISO 9706) by Kraft Druck GmbH, Ettlingen ISSN 1660 4431 e-issn 1662 2804 ISBN 978 3 318 05596 2 e-isbn 978 3 318 05597 9

Contents VII Preface Toyoda, K. (Suita, Osaka); Anderson, C.S. (Sydney, N.S.W.); Mayer, S.A. (New York, N.Y.) 1 Epidemiology of Intracerebral Haemorrhage Poon, M.T.C. (Oxford); Bell, S.M. (Sheffield); Al-Shahi Salman, R. (Edinburgh) 13 Emergency Imaging of Intracerebral Haemorrhage Alobeidi, F.; Aviv, R.I. (Toronto, Ont.) 27 Evidence-Based Critical Care of Intracerebral Hemorrhage: An Overview Küppers-Tiedt, L. (Frankfurt a.m.); Steiner, T. (Frankfurt a.m./heidelberg) 35 New Insights into Blood Pressure Control for Intracerebral Haemorrhage Manning, L.S.; Robinson, T.G. (Leicester) 51 Emergency Reversal Strategies for Anticoagulation and Platelet Disorders Levi, M. (Amsterdam) 62 Reperfusion-Related Intracerebral Hemorrhage Hayakawa, M. (Suita, Osaka) 78 Cerebral Microbleeds: Detection, Associations and Clinical Implications Yakushiji, Y. (Saga) 93 New Insights into Nonvitamin K Antagonist Oral Anticoagulants Reversal of Intracerebral Hemorrhage Yasaka, M. (Fukuoka) 107 Ultra-Early Hemostatic Therapy for Intracerebral Hemorrhage: Future Directions Wartenberg, K.E. (Halle); Mayer, S.A. (New York, N.Y.) 130 Ventriculostomy and Lytic Therapy for Intracerebral Hemorrhage Ziai, W.C.; Nyquist, P.A.; Hanley, D.F. (Baltimore, Md.) 148 Surgical Craniotomy for Intracerebral Hemorrhage Mendelow, A.D. (Newcastle upon Tyne) 155 New Insights in Minimally Invasive Surgery for Intracerebral Hemorrhage Wang, W.-M.; Jiang, C.; Bai, H.-M. (Guangzhou) 166 Surgical Strategies for Acutely Ruptured Arteriovenous Malformations Martinez, J.L.; Macdonald, R.L. (Toronto, Ont.) V

182 Prognosis and Outcome of Intracerebral Haemorrhage Moulin, S.; Cordonnier, C. (Lille) 193 Author Index 194 Subject Index VI Contents

Preface A new era for acute stroke care has come. Promptly visiting to a stroke center can be a key to success in dramatic recovery via acute reperfusion therapy. The therapeutic time window has been expanding with the progression of penumbral imaging, and the opportunity for stroke therapy has shifted to the prehospital setting in trials. Indeed, a new era for stroke medicine has come. However, this is the situation for ischemic stroke therapy. What is the status of intracerebral hemorrhage therapy? Although the age-standardized mortality rate for hemorrhagic stroke (intracerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage combined) has decreased worldwide in the past two decades, the incidence, number of deaths, and number of disabilityadjusted life-years lost continue to increase [1]. Despite having half the incidence of ischemic stroke globally, hemorrhagic stroke causes more deaths and disability-adjusted life-years lost than ischemic stroke. In particular, intracerebral hemorrhage is relatively common in nonwhite ethnic populations. The development of a therapeutic strategy for intracerebral hemorrhage is as eagerly awaited as that for ischemic stroke. However, no established strategy for acute ICH analogous to reperfusion therapy for ischemic stroke has been established. We encountered several milestone studies on intracerebral hemorrhage in the past decade. The Surgical Treatment for Ischemic Heart Failure (STICH) [2], involving 83 centers from 27 countries, was the largest trial on early hematoma evacuation surgery ever. That trial did not show overall benefit from surgery compared to initial medical therapy. In the Factor Seven for Acute Hemorrhagic Stroke Treatment (FAST) trial [3], emergent hemostatic therapy with recombinant activated factor VII reduced early hematoma growth. Although hemostatic therapy improved survival and functional outcomes in the initial trial, these clinical effects were not reproducible in a further trial. The hemostatic strategy is currently limited to cases of hemorrhage associated with coagulopathy or antithrombotic use; however, this strategy may be essential for the prevention of the ultra-early growth of intracerebral hemorrhage in general. The Second Intensive Blood Pressure Reduction in Acute Cerebral Haemorrhage Trial (INTERACT2) [4] significantly proved the safety and almost significantly showed the efficacy of early intensive blood pressure reduction for patients with hyperacute intracerebral hemorrhage. Several guidelines revised their recommendations for inten- VII

sive antihypertensive therapy based on that trial. Thus, the initial hours after onset seem to be a golden time window for intracerebral hemorrhage as is the case for ischemic stroke. Surprisingly, this is the first occasion in the 40-year history of Frontiers of Neurology and Neuroscience in which intracerebral hemorrhage has been accepted as a main theme. It is time to thoroughly understand this devastating disease. This book covers all the recent topics related to the diagnosis and management of intracerebral hemorrhage and is written by top opinion experts. We hope that this book assists in your understanding of the current and future aspects of the optimal management of patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. Kazunori Toyoda, Suita, Osaka, Japan Craig S. Anderson, Sydney, N.S.W., Australia Stephan A. Mayer, New York, N.Y., USA References 1 Krishnamurthi RV, Feigin VL, Forouzanfar MH, et al: Global and regional burden of first-ever ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke during 1990 2010: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet Glob Health 2013; 1:e 259 e281. 2 Mendelow AD, Gregson BA, Fernandes HM, et al: Early surgery versus initial conservative treatment in patients with spontaneous supratentorial intracerebral haematomas in the International Surgical Trial in Intracerebral Haemorrhage (STICH): a randomised trial. Lancet 2005; 365: 387 397. 3 Mayer SA, Brun NC, Begtrup K, et al: Efficacy and safety of recombinant activated factor VII for acute intracerebral hemorrhage. N Engl J Med 2008; 358: 2127 2137. 4 Anderson CS, Heeley E, Huang Y, et al: Rapid blood-pressure lowering in patients with acute intracerebral hemorrhage. N Engl J Med 2013; 368: 2355 2365. VIII Toyoda Anderson Mayer