BLOOD AND THE IMMUNE SYSTEM Chapter 11
BLOOD 5 L of blood 55% fluid 45% blood cells Blood cells produced in bone marrow Hematocrit-percentage of red blood cells
PLASMA Plasma-fluid portion of blood(90% water) Blood proteins, glucose, vitamins, minerals Plasma protein helps with homeostasis Albumins-establish osmotic pressure that helps maintain body fluid levels Globulins-protection against microbes Fibrinogens-responsible for blood clotting
ERYTHROCYTES Main function is transport of oxygen Hemoglobin increase oxygen carrying capacity 70 times 280 million hemoglobin molecules in one red blood cell Heme (iron) Globin (protein) Oxyhemoglobin causes red blood colour Once oxygen is consumed, hemoglobin molecule changes shape and reflects blue light
Biconcave Live only 120 days Mature cells do not have a nucleus How do they reproduce?? Red blood cells produced by nucleated stem cells in the bone marrow Anemia-reduced blood oxygen due to low levels of hemoglobin or poor erythrocyte production
LEUKOCYTES 1:700 when compared to erythrocytes Shape and size of nucleus is used to identify different types of leukocytes Function is to destroy invading microbes by phagocytosis Squeeze out of capillaries, engulf microbe, release enzyme that digests invader and self destructs leukocyte
PLATELETS Component of blood responsible for clotting No nucleus Produced in the bone marrow by nucleated cells Blood vessel is damaged, cells of the vessel wall release a substance that makes them sticky, platelets stick to the injured area. Platelets accumulate and form a clot
BLOOD CLOTTING Prevents blood loss from damaged vessels and provides support for weakened vessels Platelets release thromboplastin (protein) Thromboplastin and calcium ions activate prothrombin Prothrombin transformed into thrombin Thrombin splices fibrinogen molecule into fibrin threads, which wrap around the damage area, trapping red blood cells and platelets to form a clot
PROBLEMATIC CLOTTING Thrombus-blood clot that blocks a blood vessel Local tissues starved of nutrients and oxygen Pulmonary, coronary, cerebral thrombosis Embolus-Blood clots that have dislodged Carried by circulatory system to vital organs
ARTIFICIAL BLOOD Fluosol Carries oxygen and carbon dioxide No blood matching required Stored for long periods of time when frozen Does not carry disease Keeps a person alive until they can receive a blood transfusion
BLOOD GROUPS 1 st blood transfusion 1600s by Jean-Baptiste Denis Injected lamb s blood into a boy Boy survived Repeated experiment on elderly man, died immediately after receiving blood 1900s Karl Landsteiner discovered blood types Glycoproteins (markers) located on the membrane of some red blood cells
Antigen-protein that stimulates the formation of an antibody Antibody-protein formed within the blood that reacts with an antigen Person with type O receives blood from person with type A Type O blood recognizes the A marker as a foreign invader and starts to produce antibodies Antibodies attach to the antigen markers and cause blood clumping Antibodies cause agglutination (clumping of blood cells), blood can no longer pass through capillaries
ANTIGENS AND ANTIBODIES Blood group Antigen on red blood cell O None A and B A A B B B A AB A and B None Antibody in serum
Blood type of recipient Blood type of donor O A B AB Universal donor? O Universal recipient? A B e e AB e
RHESUS FACTOR Inherited antigen 85% of Canadians Rh+ Human body has no natural antibodies against Rh, but can be produced after a transfusion Mild immune response compared to ABO
ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS Complications arise when Rh+ (Dad) Rh- (Mom) reproduce Baby Rh+ First child has no problems because the blood barrier between the mother and baby is intact (placenta) Blood of baby comes in contact with blood of mother during birth Mother produces antibodies to Rh factor Consecutive pregnancies will have erthyblastosis fetalis if the baby is Rh+ because the mother has made antibodies Symptoms include: Anemia, jaundice and enlarged liver
TRACING AN INFECTION Pg. 349 Write your name and cup number on your sheet of paper Share your mystery fluid with a classmate. Pour all of your fluid into your partner s cup. Then, your partner will pour half the combined fluids back into your cup. Record the other person s cup number on your sheet of paper Repeat the previous step until you ve shared fluids with 3 other students I will add phenolphthalein indicator to each cup, pink indicates infection. Can you identify the origin? If so, identify the source. If not, why not?
PRACTICE Pg. 356 Questions: 10, 11, 12, 13, 14