What are Silicones? DW CRNING LIFE SCIENCES ASIA
What Are Silicones? - Derived from sand, Silicones exist as Volatiles Fluids Elastomers Sealants Gums Resins - Silicon - Silica - Silicate - Silicone - Modified silicones The pure element Si, 28% of earth s crust Sand, naturally occurring Si 2 Si & and other metals A polymer derived from silicon, carbon, oxygen and hydrogen have the methyl groups of silicones replaced with other groups - There are 1000 s of different products, for 1000 s of different applications 2
Applications of Silicones Construction Glazing, waterproofing, roofing sealing, firestopping for buildings Electronics Protecting, adhering, insulating for electronics & telecommunications Plastics & Chemicals Foam control and release agents. Additives and resins for coatings. Industrial & Consumer Maintenance Sealants and specialty lubricants Plus many more Paper Coatings Release coatings for paper & labels Personal Household & Auto Care Enhance feel, gloss, protection, delivery & defoaming of products Textiles Antifoams & Process aids for textiles. Enhances feel and lubricity Fabricators Elastomers, fluids, resins for electrical aerospace and automotive industries 3
Applications of Silicones Silicones are: - Low surface energy - xidative resistant - zone resistant - UV resistant - Moisture resistant - Temperature resistant - Biocompatible - Non-toxic - Non-irritating Silicones can be: - Reactive or Inert - Elastomeric or Rigid or Fluid - Release agents or Adhesives - Antifoams or Profoamers or Surfactants 4
Making Silicones Quartz (ie Sand) Si + 2 2 C Si + 2 C Silicone Fluids Reduction End-Blocking 2 C H 3 Cl ( C H 3 ) 2 Si Cl 2 Hydrolysis 2 H 2 C H 3 C H 3 C H 3 l l l H -- Si -- -- Si -- -- Si - H l l l C H 3 C H 3 C H 3 n H 2 Polymer Condensation ( C H 3 ) 2 Si (H) 2 + 2 H Cl ( C H 3 ) 2 Si (H) 2 Monomer 5
Properties of Polydimethylsiloxane Alias: Silicone Dimethicone P.D.M.S. rganic pending groups Trimethyl end-blocked CH 3 CH 3 CH 3 CH 3 CH 3 CH 3 Si Si Si Inorganic Backbone CH 3 The Silicone Polymer... - Monomer range 2 to 1000 s - viscosity range 1 to 1+ million cst Volatile Fluids Fluids Gums Emulsions Resins Solids 6
Poly-dimethyl-siloxane Properties of PDMS - Inorganic Backbone High Surface Energies - Pendant organic (methyl) groups Low Surface Energies Role: - Backbone presents the organic groups at the interface - rganic groups provide the Surface Active properties CH 3 CH 3 CH 3 CH 3 CH 3 Si - - (Si - -) n - Si - - Si CH 3 CH 3 CH 3 CH 3 CH 3 7
The Flexible Backbone Silicones have the lowest T g Tg, K PDMS 146 Polyethylene 148 Silicone molecules are like spaghetti: Polytetrafluoroethyylene 160 - They are long and strong Polypropylene oxide 198 - They are free to move Polyisobutylene 200 - They do not get tangled up - They are not sticky Silicone s have low intermolecular forces. CH 3 CH 3 CH 3 CH 3 CH 3 CH 3 Si Si Si CH 3 Inorganic Backbone Si- bond is flattest and longest * Rotation About the Bonds C-C 3.3 kcal/mol Si- 0.2 kcal/mol Si- bond is very free to move Bond Strength C-C 85 kcal/mol C- 81 kcal/mol Si- 117 kcal/mol Si- bond is more stable Bond Angle Length C-C 112 o 0.154 nm C- 111 o 0.142nm Si- 130 o 0.163nm Si- bonds are quite long 8
Pendant rganic Groups rder of increasing surface energy for single carbon based moieties is*: CF 3 - - CF 2 - -CH 3 - - CH 2 - This explains why PDMS is less surface active than alkanes * Ref: W.A. Zisma Studies Advances in Chemistry Series, No.43 American Chemical Society: Washington DC, 1964, p1 rganic pending groups - Strongly hydophobic CH 3 CH 3 CH 3 CH 3 CH 3 CH 3 etc Si Si Si CH 3 Water 72 Water + Surfactant 30 Ethanol 50 PDMS 20 S.T. (mn/m) Silicones have low Surface Tension also: PDMS S.T. for wetting = 24mN/m PDMS Liquid S.T. = 20 nm/m Silicones spread over its own adsorbed film - complete surface coverage - excellent spreading agent Hg H 2 Soap Silicone 9
Phenyl Siloxane Siloxane Functionality A Structural verview High RI Broader Compatibility Crosslinking Branching Linear Polydimethyl Siloxane A H Substantivity Dimethiconol A Conditioning Trimethylsilyl Amodimethicone Branching Vol. Wax H rganic Capability Alkyl Polarity Emulsifiers Alkyl Alkyl Methyl Siloxanes Cyclomethicone PE PE Dimethicone Copolyol PE Ternary Alkyl PE Silsesquioxane & Silicates A A A A Amodimethicone 10
Dimethicone / Dimethiconol Fluids 200 Fluid, 225 Fluid Linear PDMS chain Range of chain lengths, Range of viscosities 0.65cs to 60,000cs H3C H Si Si Si H n., n = 0 ~100,000 High viscosity fluids can form a protective film, while low viscosity fluids are able to be emulsified and have better solubility with other ingredients. 11
Dimethicone Fluids - Viscosity Correlation Viscosity Correlation with Molecular Weight V is c o s ity (c s ) M o lec ular W eight 5 800 20 2,000 50 4,000 100 6,000 200 9,500 350 14,000 500 17,000 1,000 28,000 5,000 50,000 10,000 62,000 12,500 68,000 60,000 117,000 100,000 140,000 600,000 260,000 12
Cyclomethicone 244: : > 95% D4 245: : >95% D5 344: : D4 + D5 345: : D4 + D5 + D6 246: : >95% D6 H3C H3C H3C Si Si Si (D4) Si Very Good solvents, Non-stinging, Non-staining, Colorless, odorless, High volatility. In hair care products cyclics improve manageability of wet hair, but do not remain on the hair. In skin care and cosmetic products, cyclics suppress the stickiness of organic ingredients and create a clean feel In antiperspirant products they act as a delivery vehicle for active ingredients. Due to their low heat of vaporization, they do not feel cold on the skin. 13
Dimethicone Copolyol Water soluble to water dispersible silicone polyethers Me Me 190 (HLB ~ 5) 193 (HLB ~12) Q2-5220 (HLB ~7) 5324 Surfactant Me 3 Si ---- ---- Si ---- ---- ----- Si ---- ---- --- Si Me 3 Me R n (Me 2 ) a ( HC Me) b The main feature of dimethicone copolyols is their solubility in both water and ethanol. Me R m In hair care products they improve wetting and reduce stickiness of fixative resins In skin care, they act to provide a soft and subtle feel 14
Phenyl Trimethicone 556 Fluid C6H5 Similar benefits to the 200 fluids with H3C Si Si n. Si H3C Si More organo-compatible (easier to emulsify) They form a lustrous protective film and impart water repellent properties. Higher gloss (higher refractive index) In hair styling products they are good solubilisers for setting agents. 15
Fluid / Gum Blends 2-1401: Cyclomethicone (and) Dimethiconol 2-1403: Dimethicone (and) Dimethiconol Description: A high viscosity silicone GUM dispersed in low Mwt fluid Feature: Silicone gum provide an unique soft, silky, smooth feel Cyclomethicone (DC-1401) used as a carrier to give totally non-oily, non-greasy feel once when cyclomethicone evaporated DC2-1403 contains nonvolatile low visc. dimethicone fluid as carrier which gives more rich and gloss feel Main Application: Hair Care Skin Care - Cuticle coat, Leave-on hair cream., - Non-oily, non-greasy cream and lotion 16
Amodimethicone vs. Trimethylsilyamodimethicone Amodimethicone (DC-929, DC-929, DC-939 Emulsion) A reactive polymer (H functionality), form high Mwt through crosslinking, Resulting with silicone gum like silky, soft, non-oily feel after blow drying. Trimethylsilyamodimethicone (8220 Fluid, 7224 Emulsion, 2-8168 Emulsion) A nonreactive aminosilicone Can be formulated into a clear 2 in 1 shampoo R = C3H6-NH-C2H4NH2 Trimethylsilylamodimethicone: Amodimethicone: H3C H Si Si X R Si H Y Si H 17
593 Fluid 749 Fluid DC-593: Dimethicone (and) Trimethylsiloxylsilicate DC-749: Cyclomethicone (and) Trimethylsiloxylsilicate Feature: Benefit: Substantive High wash-off resistance Water resistance Protection Breathable barrier Feature: Benefit: Silicone resin acts as binder for pigments and actives after cyclomethicone evaporated Long lasting Water resistance Main Application: Sun screen Hand cream Protective cream Main Application: Long lasting Lipstick, Foundation etc. 18
580 Wax 2501 Wax DC-580: Stearoxytrimethylsilane (and) Stearyl alcohol DC-2501: Dimethicone Copolyol Feature: Excellent lubricity Melts near body temp Hydrophobic Mild occlusive Feature: cclusive Foam modification Benefit: Lubrication Moisturizing Benefit: Rich, creamy leathers Moisturizing Main Application: Moisturizer Shaving products Main Application: 2 in 1 moisturizing facial cleanser 19
2503 Wax AMS C30 Wax DC-2503: Stearyl Dimethicone Feature: Melts near body temp cclusive, non-oily rganics compatible DC- AMS C30: C30 Dimethicone Feature: High melting point was Benefit: Lubrication Moisturizing Benefit: Increase W/ viscosity Moisturizing Main Application: Moisturizing cream Lip stick Skin cream and lotion Main Application: Lip stick W/ cream... 20
3225C 5200 Formulation Aid Surfactant DC-3225C: Dimethicone copolyol (and) cyclomethicone DC-5200: Lauryl methicone copolyol Feature: Water-in-silicone emulsifier Feature: Water-in- oil emulsifier Benefit: Non-greasy, non-oily feel Cold process possible High water content (>70%) Clear product achievable Benefit: Non-greasy, less-oily feel Cold process possible High water content (>70%) Main Application: Roll-on antiperspirant Clear W/ gel Non-greasy cream and lotion Main Application: Water resistant W/ cream Moisturizing cream Sunscreen, Foundation 21
Silicone Emulsions Effective medium for delivering silicone droplets in an aqueous system. Easy to formulate ready-made emulsions into products Emulsions may have many different variables based on: surfactant system silicone system silicone particle size 22
Emulsion Technologies Polymerization Monomer Emulsification Polymer Monomer Emulsion Emulsification Polymerization Mechanical Emulsion Emulsion Emulsion Polymerization 23
Silicones for Hair Care Products Product name Product description Dimethicone Emulsion Q2-1679 Emulsion 60% 50,000cst Dimethiconol nonionic emulsion Q2-1741 Emulsion 60% 100,000cst Dimethiconol nonionic emulsion 1784 Emulsion 50% Very High viscosity anionic silicone emulsion 2-1352 Emulsion 60% Gum-in-Fluid nonionic silicone emulsion 2-1491 Emulsion 60% Gum-in-Fluid nonionic silicone emulsion 2-1483 Emulsion 60% 60,000cst Dimethiconol nonionic emulsion Q2-1803 Emulsion 60% Gum-in-Cyclics nonionic silicone emulsion Amino Silicone Fluid & Emulsion 8220 Conditioning Additive 100% Amino fluid 7224 Conditioning Additive 35% Nonionic emulsion of Aminosilicone 939 Emulsion 35% Cationic emulsion of Aminosilicone 949 Emulsion 35% Cationic emulsion of Aminosilicone 2-8168 Microemulsion 20% Nonionic Amino Microemulsion 2-8194 Microemulsion 35% Nonionic Amino Microemulsion 24
Silicones for Hair Care Products Product name Product description Dimethicone Copolyol 190 Surfactant 100% water soluble silicone glycol 193 Surfactant 100% water soluble silicone glycol 5324 Surfactant 100% water dispersible silicone glycol 5220 Resin Modifier 100% water dispersible silicone glycol Dimethicone fluid and others 200 Fluid (range of viscosity) 100% Dimethicone fluid 1501 Fluid 100% Gum-in-Cyclics silicone fluid 2-9040 Silicone Gel 100% Silicone Elastomer Gum-in-Cyclics Q2-1503 Fluid 100% Gum-in-Fluid silicone fluid Q2-1418 Fluid 100% Gum-in-Fluid silicone fluid 344 Fluid 100% Volatile Cyclomethicone fluid 245 Fluid 100% Volatile Cyclomethicone fluid 345 Fluid 100% Volatile Cyclomethicone fluid 25
Silicones for Skin Care Products Product name Product description Dimethicone Fluid and Emulsion 200 Fluid (range of viscosity) 100% Dimethicone fluid 1501 Fluid 100% Gum-in-Cyclics dimethicone fluid Q2-1503 Fluid 100% Gum-in-Fluid dimethicone fluid 2-1352 Emulsion 60% Gum-in-Fluid nonionic silicone emulsion 2-1497 Emulsion 60% 60,000cs fluid silicone emulsion Q2-1803 Emulsion 60% Gum-in-Cyclics nonionic silicone emulsion 2-1227 Emulsion 60% anionic silicone emulsion 225 Fluid 100% 10cs fluid blend Cyclomethicone 344 Fluid Volatile Cyclomethicone fluid 245 Fluid Volatile Cyclomethicone fluid 345 Fluid Volatile Cyclomethicone fluid 246 Fluid Volatile Cyclomethicone fluid 26
Silicones for Skin Care Products Product name Product description Specialty Silicone Fluid 556 Fluid 100% Phenyl Trimethicone fluid 593 Fluid 100% Resin in Dimethicone fluid 749 Fluid 100% Resin in Cyclomethicone fluid 2502 Fluid 100% Cetyl Dimethicone Silicone Wax 580 Wax Silicone (and) Stearyl alcohol wax mixture 2501 Wax 100% Dimethicone Copolyol wax 2503 Wax 100% Stearyl Dimethicone wax AMS C30 Wax 100% High melting point silicone wax Silicone Emulsifier 5225C Formulation Aid 10% W/Si emulsifier in Cyclomethicone 5200 Surfactant 100% W/ emulsifier 27
Silicone - Adding Value to Personal Care FUNCTIN Sensory Attributes Cleansing Emulsification Protection Emolliency Substantivity Detackification Spreadability Thickening PRIMARY BENEFIT Lightness, smoothness, low residue, non-oily, non-greasy Mild solvency Water-in-oil, Water-in-silicone, stability Barrier, FDA Status Low friction, high absorbency Continuous film, water resistance Antistick Uniformity, continuity, wetting Improves substantivity, rheology & aesthetics 28
Summary of Characteristics 1. Polydimethylsiloxane Backbone Flexibility Easy orientation Product Variation 2. Low Intermolecular Attraction Liquid at high molecular weights Low friction with polymers Permeability & penness High Spreading coefficient 3. Methyl Pendant Groups Low surface tension Limited solubility Hydrophobic surface 29