2017; 5(5): 728-732 E-ISSN: 2320-7078 P-ISSN: 2349-6800 JEZS 2017; 5(5): 728-732 2017 JEZS Received: 04-07-2017 Accepted: 05-08-2017 Sudeepa Kumari Jha Ph.D. (Ag.), Entomology, BAU Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India Manoj Kumar Assistant Professor-cum-Jr. Scientist Department of Entomology, DRPCAU, Pusa, Samastipur, Bihar, India Relative efficacy of different insecticides against whitefly, Bemisia tabaci on tomato under field Sudeepa Kumari Jha and Manoj Kumar Abstract A field trial was conducted at Vegetable Research Farm of Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa (Samastipur), Bihar during Rabi season of 2016-17 on a tomato crop variety Avinash 2 to evaluate the efficacy of different insecticidal treatments against whitefly, Bemisia tabaci. Three sprays at ten days interval of ten treatments with three replications were applied in the field. The treatment were profenophos @ 500 g a.i., imidacloprid @ 20 g a.i., cypermethrin @ 25 g a.i., indoxacarb @ 50 g a.i., profenophos 40% + cypermethrin 4% @ 440 g a.i., neem seed kernel extract 5%, neem oil 2%. tobacco decoction 5%, yam bean seed extract 5% and control (water spray). The data (population of whitefly) were recorded one day before first spraying and first, fifth and seventh day of each spray. The data revealed that after each spray all the insecticidal treatments were significantly superior over control in reducing whitefly population and efficacy was maximum in imidacloprid followed by profenophos 40% + cypermethrin 4% and it was minimum in tobacco decoction while efficacy of other insecticides were in between these insecticides. Keywords: Tomato, whitefly, insecticide Correspondence Sudeepa Kumari Jha Ph.D. (Ag.), Entomology, BAU Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India 1. Introduction Tomato, Solanum lycopersicum is often described as poor man orange because it is a rich source of minerals, vitamins and organic acids. It is the second most grown vegetables in the world after the potato. In India, the tomato is grown across the length and breadth of the country. In 2015-16 total area under cultivation is7.74 lakh ha with annual production 188 lakh tonnes and productivity 24 tonnes per ha (NHB, 2016). The whitefly is one of the most economically important pests of tomato in many tropical and sub-tropical regions [5]. It is polyphagous pests of great significance in agriculture worldwide [11] and currently its host range has crossed 600 plant species [15]. It causes damage by sucking cell sap, secreting the honey dews and transmits a number of viral diseases [10]. Among the various methods of whitefly management, use of plant products and chemical insecticides are most popular. Several crop protection chemicals belonging to organochlorine, organophosphate and carbamate group have been used to control insect pests. However, the application of these insecticides left a film of persistent poison over the foliage and fruits [8] and insect developed resistance to these insecticides [7]. Therefore, there is a need to replace these conventional insecticides with newer molecules with a lesser dose of a few grams per hectare. Profenophos (organophosphate group), imidacloprid (neo nicotinyl group), cypermethrin (synthetic pyrethroid group), indoxacarb (oxadiazine group), profenophos + cypermethrin (mixture of organophosphate and synthetic pyrethroid) are new molecules and reported to be effective and economical in controlling insect- pests in many vegetable crops [16]. Profenophos @ 500 g a.i. reduced the whitefly population by 86.25 per cent [17]. Polytrin (profenophos 40 % + cypermethrin 4%) were found effective against whitefly on okra [19]. Imidacloprid @ 5 g per kg significantly reduced whitefly population as compared to untreated control [9]. of whitefly by profenophos was most effective followed by indoxacarb and NSKE [13]. The action of imidacloprid was very fast against whitefly and reduction in population [6]. Further, plant products are natural eco-friendly insecticides and are cheaper and safe as compared to synthetic insecticides and they are not very persistent. Neem product such as NSKE, neem oil reduced nymph and adult population of whitely significantly [1]. manage whitefly pest population upto 10 days after spray [12]. ~ 728 ~
Yam bean seed has great value as botanical insecticides to insect pests [21]. Neem oil, neem seed extract and tobacco reduced whitefly population in a cotton ecosystem by 59.78, 59.38 and 40.61 %, respectively [14]. Against whitefly first spray of neem extract, tobacco extract and datura extract showed 82.60, 75.95 and 73.99 per cent mortality, respectively while in the second spray it was 676.53, 56.43 and 42.25 per cent, respectively [3]. 2. Materials and Methods The field experiment was conducted at Vegetable Research Farm of Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa (Samastipur), Bihar during Rabi season of 2016-17. Tomato variety Avinash - 2 seedling (25 days old) of 8-10 cm in length were transplanted from the nursery to the main field and crop was grown without the application of any insecticide either in soil or as a seed treatment. This was done to allow the natural population of whitefly on crop. The chemical insecticides and plant products (profenophos @ 500 g a.i., imidacloprid @ 20 g a.i., cypermethrin @ 25 g a.i., indoxacarb @ 50 g a.i., profenophos 40% + cypermethrin 4% @ 440 g a.i., neem seed kernel extract 5%, neem oil 2%. tobacco decoction 5%, yam bean seed extract 5% and control (water spray) were sprayed three times during crop season at 10 days interval immediately after crossing the ETL. Observation pertaining to the population of whitefly was recorded on five randomly selected plants, by observing three leaves (upper, middle and lower) randomly during early morning hours in each plot when it remains on leaves with the help of a hand lens of 10X magnification one day before first spraying and after 1 st, 5 th and 7 th day of each spray. 3. Results and Discussion 3.1 Pre-count The data presented in Table 1. revealed that the natural population of whitefly was almost evenly distributed and statically non significant varying between 28.4 and 31.4 whitefly per three leaves one day before the application of insecticides. 3.2 First Spray The data presented in Table 1. showed that all the insecticidal treatments were significantly superior to the untreated control in reducing whitefly population. One day after insecticidal spray the whitefly population in different insecticidal treatments varied from 19.8-26.8 per three leaves, while in untreated control it was 30.2 per three leaves. The percent reduction of whitefly population over control ranged from 11.26-34.44 per cent. The population of whitefly gradually decreased and per cent reduction over control increased after five and seven days of spray in each insecticidal treatment. The range of whitefly population was 17.4-23.4 and 15-21, respectively after five and seven days of 1 st sprays and per cent reduction over control were 32.37-49.71 and 41.34-58.10, respectively after five and seven days of 1 st sprays. After first, fifth and seventh day of spray imidacloprid was found superior to all the treatments and statistically at par with profenophos + cypermethrin and profenophos after first day of spray. However, after fifth and seventh day of spray imidacloprid was at par with all synthetic insecticidal treatments i.e. profenophos + cypermethrin, profenophos, cypermethrin and indoxacarb but significantly superior to treatments of plant products. Tobacco decoction 5% was inferior among all insecticidal treatments. Further, the mean per cent reduction in whitefly population over control after first, fifth and seventh days of spray was in descending order: imidacloprid (47.41 %) > profenophos + cypermethrin (42.20 %) > profenophos (41.22 %) > cypermethrin (39.61 %) > indoxacarb (37.21 %) > neem oil (35.06 %) > NSKE (33.88 %) > YBSE (31.46%) > tobacco decoction (28.32 %). Table 1: Effect of synthetic insecticides and plant products against whitefly, Bemisia tabaci population on tomato after 1st spray under field Number of whitefly per three leaves Mean % Insecticide Dose reduction Precount 1DAS over control Profenophos 500 g a.i. 30.20 23.00 16.00 23.84 44.51 (5.54) (4.85) (4.44) (4.06) 55.31 41.22 Imidacloprid 20 g a.i. 31.00 19.80 15.00 34.44 49.71 (5.61) (4.51) (4.23) (3.94) 58.10 47.41 Cypermethrin 25 g a.i. 29.20 23.60 19.60 1 21.85 43.35 (5.45) (4.91) (4.48) (4.13) 53.63 39.61 Indoxacarb 50 g a.i. 29.60 24.20 20.40 41.04 (5.48) (4.96) (4.57) (4.23) 51.40 37.21 Profenophos 40 % + 440 g a.i. ha Cypermethrin 4% 31.40 22.80 18.60 15.80 24.50 46.24 (5.64) (4.83) (4.37) (4.04) 55.87 42.20 29.20 25.20 21.40 1 16.56 38.15 (5.45) (5.07) (4.68) (4.415) 46.93 33.88 29.80 24.80 21.20 18.40 17.88 38.73 (5.50) (5.03) (4.66) (4.35) 48.60 35.06 Tobacco Decoction 5% 29.40 26.80 23.40 21.00 11.26 32.37 (5.47) (5.22) (4.89) (4.64) 41.34 28.32 28.40 26.0 22.80 13.91 34.10 (5.38) (5.15) (4.83) (4.44) 46.37 31.46 29.60 30.20 34.60 35.80 (5.49) (5.54) (5.92) (6.02) SEm ( + ) 1.122 1.130 1.054 CD (p=0.05) NS 3.358 3.382 3.155 CV 7.884 8.950 9.418 Figures in parentheses are (X+0.5) 1/2 transformed values. ~ 729 ~
3.3 Second Spray The data presented in Table 2. showed that after second spray all the insecticidal treatments were significantly superior to the untreated control in reducing whitefly population. The number of whitefly one day after second insecticidal spray in different insecticidal treatments ranged from 8.8-17.4 per three leaves, while in untreated control as 39.4 per three leaves. The percent reduction of whitefly population over control varied from 55.84-77.66 per cent. After second spray the population of whitefly gradually decreased and per cent reduction over control increased. The whitefly population per three leaves was 7.4-15.4 and 6-14.6, respectively and per cent reduction over control were 63.68-82.55 and 62.17-82.90, respectively after five and seven days of 2 nd spray. Imidacloprid proved superior over control among all treatments and was statistically at par with profenophos + cypermethrin and Profenophos after first day of spray and while at par with only profenophos + cypermethrin after fifth and seventh day of spray. Tobacco decoction was least effective to control whitefly population among all the insecticidal treatments. The descending order of mean per cent reduction over control was: imidacloprid (81.03%) > profenophos + cypermethrin (77.83 %) > profenophos (75.71 %) > cypermethrin (72.88 %) > indoxacarb (72.38%) > neem oil (71.37 %) > NSKE (70.72 %) > YBSE (61.72 %) > tobacco decoction (60.65 %), respectively. Table 2: Effect of synthetic insecticides and plant products against whitefly, Bemisia tabaci population on tomato after 2nd spray under field Insecticide Dose Number of whitefly per three leaves Mean % Reduction 1DAS over control Profenophos Imidacloprid Cypermethrin Indoxacarb Profenophos 40 % + Cypermethrin 4% 500 g a.i. 20 g a.i. 25 g a.i. 50 g a.i. 440 g a.i. Tobacco Decoction 5% 8.80 (3.05) 12.20 (3.56) 12.40 (3.59) 13.40 (3.73) 13.20 (3.70) (4.17) 16.80 (4.16) 39.40 (6.32) 72.59 77.66 69.04 68.53 74.62 65.99 66.50 55.84 57.36 9.60 (3.18) 7.40 (2.81) 10.60 (3.33) 11.40 (3.45) 11.00 (3.39) 15.40 (3.99) 14.60 (3.89) 42.40 (6.55) 77.36 82.55 75.00 74.53 78.77 73.11 74.06 63.68 65.57 8.80 (3.04) 9.80 (3.21) 8.20 (2.95) 10.40 (3.30) 10.20 (3.27) 14.60 (3.88) 13.80 (3.78) 38.60 (6.25) S.Em. ( + ) 0.722 0.640 0.732 CD (p=0.05) 2.162 1.918 2.193 C.V. 8.102 7.801 9.684 77.20 75.71 82.90 81.03 74.61 72.88 74.09 72.38 78.76 77.38 73.06 70.72 73.57 71.37 62.17 60.56 62.24 61.72 3.4 Third Spray The data presented in Table 3. showed that after third spray all the insecticidal treatments were significantly superior to the untreated control in reducing whitefly population. One day after third insecticidal spray the whitefly population in different insecticidal treatments ranged from 5.40-13.40 per three leaves, while in untreated control it was 39.20 per three leaves. The percentage reduction of whitefly population over control ranged from 65.81-86.22 per cent. The population of whitefly gradually decreased and per cent reduction over control increased. After five and seven days of 3 rd sprays the range of whitefly population was 4.00-11.40 and 3.60, respectively and per cent reduction. Imidacloprid proved superior among all treatments and was statically at par with profenophos + cypermethrin and Profenophos 50EC after 1 st and 7 th day of spray while after 5 th day of spray only at par with profenophos + cypermethrin. Tobacco decoction was least effective to control whitefly population among all the insecticidal treatments. Further, the mean per cent reduction over control of after third spray descending order was in following descending order: imidacloprid (88.14 %) > profenophos + cypermethrin (85.93 %) > profenophos (84.37 %) > cypermethrin (80.85 %) > indoxacarb (79.56 %) > neem oil (78.98 %) > NSKE (76.64 %) > YBSE (70.37 %) > tobacco decoction (68.17 %), respectively. ~ 730 ~
Table 3: Effect of synthetic insecticides and plant products against whitefly, Bemisia tabaci population on tomato after 3rd spray under field over control were 68.85 89.07 and 69.87 89.15, respectively. Insecticide Dose Profenophos 500 g a.i. Imidacloprid 20 g a.i. Cypermethrin 25 g a.i. Indoxacarb 50 g a.i. Profenophos 40 % + Cypermethrin 4% 440 g a.i. 1DAS Number of whitefly per three leaves Mean % Reduction Over control 82.65 5.40 4.80 85.24 (2.43) (2.30) 85.54 84.47 86.22 4.00 3.60 89.07 (2.12) (2.02) 89.15 88.14 78.06 81.96 5.80 82.53 80.85 6.80 (2.70) 5.40 (2.43) 8.60 (3.01) 77.04 6.20 (2.56) 84.18 7.20 (2.77) 4.80 (2.30) 80.32 86.88 (2.51) 6.20 (2.59) 4.40 (2.21) 9.40 8.20 7.20 76.02 75.59 (3.15) (2.95) (2.77) 7.40 77.04 79.78 (2.81) Tobacco 13.40 11.40 5% 65.81 68.85 Decoction (3.73) (3.45) 12.40 9.20 68.36 70.49 (3.59) (3.11) 39.20 3 33.20 (6.30) (6.09) (5.80) SEm ( + ) 0.874 0.481 0.458 CD (p=0.05) 2.616 1.441 1.372 CV 11.744 8.139 8.721 81.32 79.56 86.74 85.93 78.31 76.64 80.12 78.98 69.87 68.17 72.28 70.37 This finding is in partial agreement with the results that control of whitefly by prophenophos was most effective insecticides followed by indoxacarb [13]. Indoxacarb 14.5 SC (500 ml ) against whitefly reduced population by (79.01%) [4]. Prophenophos used against whitefly on okra reduces population upto 73 per cent [2]. Effect of insecticides on transmission of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) by the Bemisia tabaci and found that cypermethrin effective at 3 and 7 days after treatment in combination with the 14 days after treatment [20]. All plant extract molecule gave superior control of whitefly over the untreated check [18]. Neem oil, neem seed extract and tobacco on cotton ecosystem reduced whitefly population by 59.78, 59.38 and 40.61 %, respectively [14]. 4. Conclusion The present study conclude that among the ten treatments, all the insecticide treatments including plant products were more effective than control in reducing the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci population and imidacloprid was extremely effective to control whitefly population on tomato. 5. Acknowledgement The authors are grateful to the Chairman, Department of Entomolgy and Dean Agriculture Dr. RPCAU Pusa, Samastipur, Bihar for providing facilities to carry out the investigation 6. References 1. Ahirwar RM, Gupta MP, Banerjee S. Field efficacy of natural and indigenous products on sucking pests of sesame. Indian J. Natural Products and Resource. 2009; 1:121-126. 2. Akbar MF, Haq MA, Khan YN, Azim MA. Efficacy of bio-insecticides as compared to conventional insecticides against whitefly (B. tabaci) on okra crop. Pakistan Journal of Entomology. 2011; 26(2):115-121. 3. Ali SS, Ahmed SS, Rizwana H, Bhatti F, Khoso AG, Mengal MI et al. Efficacy of different biopesticides against major sucking pests on brinjal under field s. Journal of Basic and Applied Science. 2017; 13:133-138. 4. Balakrishnan N, Kumar BV, Sivasubramanian P. Bioefficacy of biofenthrin 10 EC against sucking insects, bollworm and natural enemies in cotton. Madras Agriculture Journal. 2009; 96(1-6):225-229. 5. Block KR. Geminivirus diseases. Plant Dis. 1982; 66:266-270. 6. Das G, Islam T. Relative efficacy of some newer insecticides on the mortality of jassid and whitefly in brinjal. International Journal of Research in Biological Sciences. 2014; 4(3):89-93. 7. Denholm I, Gorman K, Jarvis W, Cahill M. Resolution of baseline responce to buprofezin in Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research. 1996; 86(2):117-122. 8. Dikshit AK, Lal OP, Shrivastava YN. Persistance of pyrethroid and nicotinyl insecticides on okra fruits. Pesticides Research Journal. 2000; 12(2):227-231. 9. Hossain SMA, Baque MA, Amin MR. Comparative effectiveness of seed treating and foliar insecticides against sucking pests of cotton and impact on their natural enemies. Journal of Agricultural Research. 2013; 38(1):61-70. 10. Khan JA, Ahmed J. Diagnosis, monitoring and transmission characteristics of cotton leaf curl virus. Current Sci. 2005; 88:1803-1809. 11. Kontsedalov S, Abu-Moch F, Lebedev G, Czosnek H, Horowitz AR, Ghanim M. Bemisia tabaci Biotype Dynamics and Resistance to Insecticides in Israel During the Years 2008-2010. J. Integr. Agric. 2012; 11(2):312-320. 12. Lal R, Jat BL. Bio-efficacy of insecticides and biorationals against the incidence of whitefly, Bemisia ~ 731 ~
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