Suggested Readings Adams FH, Emmanouilides GC, Riemenshneider TA. Heart disease in infants, children, and adolescent. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins; 1987. Elliot LP. Cardiac imaging in infants, children, and adults. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott; 1991. Heim de Balsac R, Métianu C, Durand M, Dubost Ch. Traite des cardiopathies congenitales. Paris: Masson; 1954. Higgins CB, Silvermann NH, Kerting-Sommerhoff B, Schmidt KG. Congenital heart disease, echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging. New York: Raven; 1990. Khonsiari S. Cardiac surgery: safeguards and pittfalls in operative techniques. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 1996. Yen Ho S, Baker EJ, Rigby ML, Anderson RH. Color atlas of congenital heart disease morphologic and clinical correlations. London: Mosby-Wolfe; 1995. B. Kastler, MRI of Cardiovascular Malformations, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-30702-0, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011 251
A Abdominal aorta ascending aorta dilatations, 166, 168, 171 gadolinium-enhanced MRA, 162, 166 hypoplasia, 162, 164 165 interrupted aortic arch, 164, 166, 167 Abdominal viscera, 42 44 Anastomosis, 83 Anomalous pulmonary venous connection (APVC), 5, 6 cor triatriatum, 92 94 partial (see Partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection/return) pulmonary vein stenosis, 91 92 supernumerary/absent pulmonary veins, 91 total (see Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection/ return) Anomalous systemic venous connections examination techniques, 71 72 superior vena cava system (SVC), 72 supracardinal system, 73 Aortic arch anomalies angiography, 106 barium swallow, 103 104 bronchoscopy, 104 cervical aortic arch, 133, 137 chest radiograph, 103 clinical features, 103 computed tomography-scan, 105 106 congenital atresia, 109, 133 congenital subclavian steal syndrome, 109 diagnostic techniques, 104 105 double aortic arch (see Double aortic arch) echocardiography, 104 embryology, 106 intrinsic tracheal (see Tracheal anomalies) isolated subclavian artery, 137 139 left aortic arch involution, 108 109 left aortic arch with aberrant right subclavian artery (see Left aortic arch with aberrant right subclavian artery) left pulmonary artery, 131 133 MRI, 105 right aortic arch (see Right aortic arch) right arch involution, 107 108 sixth aortic arch, 131 133 total/partial absence, involution, 108 Aortic isthmus, 149 150 Aortic malformations aortic isthmus coarctation, 149 150 atypical sites, 150, 152 Bernoulli equation, 162 coarctation, 148, 149, 157 (see also Abdominal aorta) collateral circulation, 159 examination techniques, 147 148 extensive coarctation-hypoplasia, 156, 157 gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography, 162 geometry, 162 gonadal dysgenesis, 153 hypertension1, 159, 164 left ventricular hypertrophy, 157 minimally symptomatic or asymptomatic forms, 153, 156 159 pre and postal ductal coarctation, 159, 161 regurgitation, 153 stenosis types, 150 153 ventricular septal defect, 153 Arterial switch, 222 224, 230, 231, 234, 235 Arteria lusoria, 111 Atrial switch, 224, 228, 236, 238 Atrioventricular septal defect, 52 53, 55 Atrioventricular variants atrioventricular septal defect, 52 53, 55 bi-ventricular connections, 50 53 complex cyanotic heart disease, 46, 49 identification criteria, 46 univentricular connections, 52 54 ventricular loop concept, 47, 51 Auscultation, 186 Axial spin-echo sequences, 17 18 B Balloon atrial septostomy, 208 209 Bi-ventricular connections, 50 53 Black-blood imaging, 19, 21 Blalock-Taussig shunts, 217 218 Blood flow assessment, 5, 7, 9 10 Bright-bood imaging, 23 24 C Cardiac anatomy, 24 Cardiac auscultation, 186 Cardiovascular anatomy aorta, 30 B. Kastler, MRI of Cardiovascular Malformations, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-30702-0, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011 253
254 atrial, thoracic, and abdominal correlation, 22, 24 axial spin-echo sequences, 17 18 black-blood imaging, 19, 21 bright-bood imaging, 23 24 chambers and vessel arrangement, 17, 18 congenital heart disease, 24 25 crossover, aorta, 21, 24 heart and mediastinum, MR anatomy, 30 31 imaging planes choice, 18 19 morphologically left atrium, 28 29 morphologically left ventricle, 29 30 morphologically right atrium, 22, 24, 25, 27 morphologically right ventricle, 23, 24, 29 pulmonary artery, 30 sedation, 17 Cavopulmonary shunt, 216, 220, 223 226 Central shunt, 218, 221 Cervical aortic arch clinical features, 136 definition, 133, 137 imaging, 136 Coarctation abdominal aorta (see Abdominal aorta) aneurysmal dilatation, 152 aorta, 148 aortic isthmus, 149 150 atypical sites, 150 bicuspid aortic valve, 153 complications, 233 Crafoord procedure, 228 229, 231, 240 Dacron prosthetic patch aortoplasty, 231, 240 definition, 148 Doppler echocardiography, 159 extensive coarctation-hypoplasia, 156 frequency, 149 interrupted aortic arch, 233, 236 237 MR phase velocity mapping, 162 tubular, 153 Congenital atresia, 109 Congenital heart disease, 24 25 DORV, 200 d-transposition, 194 intact interventricular septum, 193 l-transposition, 195 single ventricle, 202 tetralogy of Fallot, 187 188 tricuspid atresia, 203 truncus arteriosus, 180 UAPA, 178 ventricular septal defect, 191 Cor triatriatum, 92 94 Crafoord procedure, 228 229, 231, 240 Crawford procedure, 241 Cyanotic heart disease cyanosis, 185 186 intact interventricular septum, 193 194 interventional catheterization, 208 209, 211 medical treatment, 208 surgery, 211 212 surgical treatment, 206, 208 tetralogy of Fallot, 187 191 ventricular septal defect (see Ventricular septal defect) D Dacron prosthetic patch aortoplasty, 231, 240 Damus procedure, 246 Dephase transverse magnetization, 5 Diastolic and systolic images, 5, 8 DiGeorge syndrome, 182 Doppler echocardiography, 233 Double aortic arch angiography, 111 barium swallow, 110 111 bronchoscopy, 111 characterization, 109 clinical features, 109 110 echocardiography, 111 MRI, 111 radiography, 110 Double outlet arterial connections, 64 66 Double outlet left ventricle (DOLV), 202 Double outlet right ventricle (DORV) clinical features, 200 202 pathology, 200 201 d-transposition, 56, 58 61 Dyspnoea, 112, 113, 186 E Ebstein anomaly, 205 206 F Fiberoptic bronchoscopy, 104 Fontan procedure, 220, 223 G Glenn low pressure shunt, 218, 223 Gradient-echo cine imaging anomalous pulmonary venous connection, 5, 6 beating heart applications, 5, 8 blood flow applications, 5, 7, 9 10 dephase transverse magnetization, 5 vs. spin-echo sequence, 4 5 H Hunter-Lillehei-Hardy procedure, 212 I Inferior vena cava, azygous continuation clinical features, 79 imaging, 79, 82 MRI, 82 Isolated subclavian artery anomalous brachiocephalic trunk, 139 double interruption, 137 ductus arteriosus closure, 138 persistent fifth aortic arch, 138 139 pseudo-coarctation/kinking, aorta, 139 pulmonary arterial circulation, 137 subclavian steal syndrome, 138 tracheobronchial compression, 139
J Jatene procedure. See. Atrial switch L Left aortic arch with aberrant right subclavian artery clinical features, 117 diverticulum, 115 imaging, 117 118 tetralogy of Fallot, 115 Left isomerism, 44 45 Left superior vena cava cavography, 82 clinical features, 75 color-coded Doppler echocardiography, 75 computed tomography, 75 coronary sinus, 73 imaging, 75, 77 incidental intraoperative discovery, 74 MRI, 77 right Cuvier duct, 72 Localized coarctation pre and postductal, 150 152 pseudocoarctation, 153 155 Loop rule aorta respective positions, 67, 68 cardiac position, 67, 68 l-transposition, 56, 62, 63 M Magnetic resonance anatomy crista terminalis, 27, 28 heart and mediastinum, 30 31 morphologically left atrium, 28 29 morphologically left ventricle, 23, 25, 29 30 morphologically right atrium, 25, 27 morphologically right ventricle, 23, 29 pulmonary artery, 21, 26, 30 Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) abdominal coarctation, aorta, 13, 14 bolus injection rate, 13 saturation pulses, 11, 13 signal-to-noise ratio, 11 T1 contrast agent passage, 11, 13, 14 TOF, 9 Magnetic resonance sequences axial spin-echo, 17 18 double IR, 4 fast spin-echo, 4 Marfan syndrome, 168 172 Mustard procedure, 216, 228, 238 P Partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection/return (PAPVC) classification, 85, 88 clinical features, 88 89 imaging, 89 MRI, 89 91 Patient preparation conventional spin-echo sequence, 3 double IR sequences, 4 255 ECG-gated multislice imaging, 2 examination conditions, 1 2 fast spin-echo sequences, 4 fast spin-echo/turbo-spin-echo, 3 4 gradient-echo cine imaging (see Gradient-echo cine imaging) phase velocity mapping (see Phase velocity mapping) variants, 3 Phase velocity mapping contrast-enhanced MR angiography, 11, 13, 14 flow lines assessment, 8 9 flow measurement, ascending aorta, 7, 11 MR angiography, 9 non-enhanced MR angiography, 10 11, 13 pressure gradient estimation, 9, 13 QP/QS shunt ratio, 7 8 Postoperative evaluation coarctation, aorta (see Coarctation) Damus procedure, 246 examination technique, 215 216 pulmonary artery banding, 243, 245 pulmonary artery revascularization surgery (see Pulmonary artery revascularization surgery) tetralogy of Fallot, 237, 240, 244 245 Potts shunt, 220, 222 Pulmonary artery anomalous origin, 180 banding, 243, 245 bright-blood cine-mr imaging, 178 cyanotic heart disease (see Cyanotic heart disease) DORV, 200 202 double outlet left ventricle, 202 ECG-gated black blood sequence, 177 left pulmonary artery malformations, 180 malformations, 178 185 phlebotomy, 208 single ventricle, 202 stenosis and atresia, 182 185 truncus arteriosus, 180, 182, 183 UAPA malformations (see Unilateral absence of pulmonary artery) valvular pulmonary stenosis, 182 Pulmonary artery revascularization surgery complications, 220 definitive corrections, 220 palliative shunts, 217 220 Pulmonary vein stenosis, 91 92 R Rashkind procedure. See. Balloon atrial septostomy Rastelli procedures, 211, 220 Retro-oesophageal right subclavian artery. See. Arteria lusoria Right aortic arch double interruption, 123 embryology, 118 left descending aorta, 128, 130 131 ligamentum arteriosum, 120, 122 123
256 mirror image branching, 123 124 neuhauser anomalies, 118 neuhauser anomaly, 124, 127 128 variants, 123 Right isomerism, 42, 44, 49 Rigid tube bronchoscopy, 104 clinicopathological forms, 180, 182 hemitruncus, 182 pathology, 180, 182, 183 Tubular coarctation congenital heart disease, 153, 156 with hypoplasia, 153, 155 S Scimitar sign, 94 Senning procedure, 228, 236 237 Sequential segmental analysis atrioventricular and ventriculoarterial variants (see Atrioventricular variants; Ventriculoarterial variants) loop rule, 66 68 visceroatrial situs, 41 46 Situs ambiguus, 42, 48 Situs inversus, 42, 43, 45, 47, 48 Situs solitus, 42 45 Spin-echo images, 98 Stridor, 112, 113 Subclavian steal syndrome, 138 Supernumerary/absent pulmonary veins, 91 Systemic venous connections anamolies. See. Anomalous systemic venous connections U Unilateral absence of pulmonary artery (UAPA) clinicopathological forms, 178, 180, 181 conventional angiography, 178 conventional complementary investigations, 178 MRI, 178 181 pathology, 178 179, 181 Univentricular connections, 52 54 T Tetralogy of Fallot, 187 191 cyanotic congenital heart disease, 237 Dacron tract patch, 240, 244 245 Time of flight (TOF) effect, 9 Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection/return (TAPVC) clinical features, 84 85 congenital heart disease, 82 definition, 82 imaging, 85 MRI, 85, 86 supracardiac, 86 Tracheal anomalies anomalous brachiocephalic trunk, 140, 141 compression, non-vascular mediastinal mass, 143, 144 dyskinesia, 139 post-operative vascular malposition, 140, 142 Transposition and malposition of the great vessels, 62, 64 Transposition of the Great Vessels arterial switch, 222 224, 230, 231, 234, 235 atrial switch, 224, 228, 236, 238 d-transposition, 194 l-transposition, 195, 198, 200, 201 surgical correction, 220, 230 Tricuspid atresia, 203 cyanosis, 205 pathology, 203, 206 types, 204, 206 208 Truncus arteriosus V Valvular pulmonary atresia, 182 Ventricular loop concept, 47, 51 Ventricular septal defect (VSD). See also. Atrioventricular septal defect aorta, coarctation, 164 clinicopathological forms, 192 193 complex transposition, 195 congenital heart disease, 127 DORV, 202 high pulmonary blood flow, 139 pathology, 191 192 pulmonary artery banding, 211 pulmonary atresia, 191 right isomerism, 42 transposition of the Great Vessels, 58 truncus arteriosus, 164 tubular hypoplasia, 157 ventricular outflow tract, 64 Ventriculoarterial concordance, 53, 55 Ventriculoarterial discordance, 194 195 double outlet arterial connections, 64 66 d-transposition, 56, 58 61 l-transposition, 56, 62, 63 transposition and malposition, 62, 64 Ventriculoarterial variants bi-arterial connections, 53, 55 bi-ateraial connections, 65, 67 68 Visceroatrial situs abdominal viscera, 42 44 left isomerism, 44 45 right isomerism, 42, 44, 49 situs ambiguus, 42, 48 situs inversus, 42, 43, 45, 47, 48 situs solitus, 42 45 W Waldhausen procedure, 231, 240 Waterston shunt, 217, 218, 224