Scientific Method Scientific Researcher Scientific Practitioner Authority External Explanations (Metaphysical Systems) Unreliable Senses Determinism Lawfulness Discoverability Empiricism Control Objectivity Systematic Observation Falsification Replication Skepticism Peer Review Parsimony Theory Hypothesis Applied Research Basic Research Control in Research Laboratory Research Field Research Serendipity Attributes of good theories Constructs Induction Deduction Hypothesis Pilot Study Program of Research Replication Extension Empirical Questions Operational Definition Converging Operations Ethics APA Code APA Principles APA Standards Institutional Review Board Steps in Planning Ethical Research Informed Consent Deception Debriefing Psychology 3201 Exam 1 Dr. Crites Dehoaxing Desensitizing Plagiarism Falsifying Data Variable Independent Variable Dependent Variable Operational Definition Self Report Direct Measure Indirect Measure Face Validity Criterion Validity Construct Validity Reliability Measurement Error Test-retest reliability Inter-item reliability (internal consistency) Split-half reliability Inter-rater reliability Order Effects Practice Effects Carry-over Effects Response Set Counterbalancing Randomization Nominal Scale Ordinal Scale Interval Scale Ratio Scale Parametric Statistics Nonparametric Statistics Population Sample Simple Random Sampling Stratified Sampling Cluster Sampling Convenience Sampling Self-selection Descriptive Statistics Inferential Statistics Null Hypothesis Alternative Hypothesis Alpha Level Type I Error Type II Error
2 Sample Exam Questions Psychology 3201 Exam 1 Matching (1 point each): Please match an idea on the left side with a related idea on the right side. Write the letter from the idea on the right side in the blank preceding the matching idea on the left side. 1. scientific process that helps insure the quality of scientific papers 2. way of thinking that relies on direct observation 3. simplest explanation Multiple Choice (2 points each): Please circle the correct answer. a) Peer Review b) Empiricism c) Parsimony Dr. Green systematically varied the amount of light she gave to different roses to see if the amount of light affects how quickly roses grow. Varying the amount of light is an example of which scientific principle: a. Parsimony b. Control c. Lawfulness d. External explanations Which of the following is NOT an example of a construct: a. Intelligence b. Blood pressure c. Fear d. Sexual drive
Psychology 3201 Exam 2 Dr. Crites 3 Experiment Independent Variable Dependent Variable Control Group Experimental Group Between-subjects design Within-subjects design Order/Carry-over effects Manipulation check Reliability Extraneous Variable Confounding Variable (Confound) Subject Variables Regression to the Mean Statistical Conclusion Validity External Validity Construct Validity Internal Validity Cross-sectional study Longitudinal study Equivalent Groups/Conditions Random Assignment Progressive Effects Counterbalancing Randomization/Random Condition Orders Demand Characteristics Social Desirability Reactivity Experimenter Expectancies Attrition Controlling Demand Characteristics Habituation Unobtrusive Measures Placebo Single-blind procedure Double-blind procedure Single-factor Design Multilevel IV Non-linear Effect Factorial Design Experimental Nomenclature Main Effect Interaction Mixed Factorial Design Matching
Experimental Examples 4 A researcher investigated the effect of a child s gender on judgments of personality and intelligence. Male teachers were shown photos of children to obtain their first impressions of children. Each teacher was shown two photos in the following order a boy and a girl. The teachers rated the apparent friendliness of the child and also estimated the child s intelligence. What is (are) the independent(s)? Indicate whether the independent variable(s) are manipulated betweenor within-subjects. What is (are) the dependent(s)? Is there any potential confound in this experiment? If so, what could be done to eliminate the confound? What, if anything, could be done to improve the internal validity of this experiment? A researcher investigated the effect of a child s attractiveness and gender on judgments of personality and intelligence. Male teachers were shown photos of children to obtain their first impressions of children. Each teacher was shown four photos in the following order an attractive boy, an unattractive boy, an attractive girl, and an unattractive girl. The teachers rated the apparent friendliness of the child and also estimated the child s intelligence. What is (are) the independent(s)? Indicate whether the independent variable(s) are manipulated betweenor within-subjects. What is (are) the dependent(s)? Is there any potential confound in this experiment? If so, what could be done to eliminate the confound? What, if anything, could be done to improve the external validity of this experiment?
To investigate whether smell influences group decision making, a researcher has participants work in groups on difficult thought problems. The participants work on the problems in the presence of one of three scented candles. Some participants work in the presence of a floral smelling candle, others a citrus smelling candle, and other a non-scented candle. Participants are asked to work together and solve as many problems as they can in a half hour. Furthermore, the experimenter assigned some participants to work in groups of three people and others to work in groups of five people. While participants work on the problems, the experimenter records their activities on videotape and then later analyzes the videotape to determine the total amount of time participants spent talking about the problems and the number of problems that they solved. What is (are) the independent variable(s)? Indicate whether the independent variable(s) are manipulated between-or within-subjects. What is (are) the dependent variable(s)? What might be a potential problem or confound with this experiment? Explain (feel free to elaborate on the above description as long as you keep to the essential features of the described experiment) How could you alter the experiment to solve or ameliorate the problem you mentioned in the previous question? 5 To investigate the impact of mood on memory, a researcher has participants listen to one of three different types of music that she believes will affect their mood by making them either happy, neutral, or sad. After listening to the music, participants watch a video of a social interaction between four people, answer a set of memory questions about things that occurred in the video, and complete a questionnaire that measures their current mood. Finally, after completing the experiment, the experimenter reads a scientific article that indicates that the music segments she used cause changes in heart rate. What is (are) the independent(s)? Indicate whether the independent variable(s) are manipulated betweenor within-subjects. What is (are) the dependent(s)? Is (are) there any manipulation check(s) in this experiment? If so, what is (are) the manipulation check(s)? Is there any potential confound in this experiment? If so, what could be done to eliminate the confound?
Psychology 3201 Exam 3 Dr. Crites 6 Correlational Research Correlation Positive Correlation Negative Correlation Strength of Correlation Reason causal inferences cannot be made from correlations Regression Line Coefficient of Correlation Pearson s r Linear Relation Nonlinear Relation Scatterplot Multivariate Analyses Regression Analyses Cross- lagged panel correlation Partial Correlations Restriction of Range Basic Research Applied Research Reliability Internal Validity External Validity Diffusion of Treatment Quasi-experimental research Nonequivalent Control Groups Designs Regression to the mean (regression effect) Interrupted Time Series Program Evaluation Small N design Withdrawal design Multiple-baseline design Alternating Treatments design Descriptive Research Scientific vs. Nonscientific Observation Naturalistic Observation Participant Observation Experimenter Expectancies Observer Bias Interrater reliability Unobtrusive Measures Survey Interview (Survey) Written Survey Phone Survey Closed-end questions Open-end questions Leading questions Subject reactivity Social Desirability