Subject Index ABD, see Ampullary balloon dilation Acute suppurative cholangitis, antibiotic therapy 13 Adrenal gland, endoscopic ultrasound fine needle aspiration 505 Ampulla of Vater tumor, see Papillectomy, endoscopic Ampullary balloon dilation (ABD) accessories 346, 347 complications 347 indications 345, 346 outcomes biliary stone extraction 350 353 sphincter of Oddi function 350 patient preparation 346 technique 347 349 Anastomotic leaks, gastrointestinal clinical presentation 186 188 endoscopic stenting complications bleeding 193 migration of stent 191 193 strictures 193 outcomes 193 195 placement 189, 190 removal 190, 191 incidence after surgery 185 Angiography, middle gastrointestinal bleeding 234, 235 Antibiotics indications acute suppurative cholangitis 13 biliary tract infection 12, 13 diverticulitis 15 parasite-induced cholangitis 13 perforation 15 sclerosing cholangitis 13 prophylaxis in therapeutic endoscopy bacterial endocarditis 9, 11 indications biliary complication management 393, 394 endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography 11 esophageal stricture 12 fine needle aspiration 11, 12 pancreatic fluid collection 11 pancreatitis 12 percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy 11 table 10 variceal ligation 12 type selection by gastrointestinal infection 14 APC, see Argon plasma coagulation Argon plasma coagulation (APC) balloon-assisted enteroscopy 216, 217 Barrett s esophagus endoscopic ablation accessories 123 outcomes 123 126 technique 123 hemostasis 20 22 peptic ulcer bleeding 47 portal hypertensive gastropathy management 73 Autoimmune cholangiopathy, biliary stricture management 360, 361 Bacterial endocarditis, antibiotic prophylaxis in therapeutic endoscopy 9, 11 Balloon-assisted enteroscopy, see Double-balloon enteroscopy; Single-balloon enteroscopy Band ligation, hemostasis 27 Barium enteroclysis 233, 234 Barrett s esophagus adenocarcinoma risks 122, 128 538
anastomotic leak clinical presentation after surgery 186 188 endoscopic ablation with argon plasma coagulation accessories 123 outcomes 123 126 technique 123 endoscopic radiofrequency ablation with Halo system complications 142 outcomes 143 145 patient preparation 141 post-procedure care 141, 142 technical aspects 141, 142 photodynamic therapy balloon handling 130 complications 136, 137 efficacy evaluation 132, 133 multicenter study 133, 134 single-center study 134, 135 energy density calculation 130 132 overview 128 patient selection 129 porfimer sodium administration 129 post-procedure management 132 precautions 132 stricture complication management 133 supplemental treatment 133 radiofrequency ablation 126 Batteries, foreign body removal 85 Bezoars, foreign body removal 85, 86 Bile leak algorithm for management 387 diagnostic workup 384, 386 outcomes 387, 388, 399 technique 396 etiology 384 Biliary drainage, see Endoscopic ultrasoundguided cholangiodrainage Biliary endoscopic sphincterectomy anatomical considerations Billroth II 324 juxtapapillary diverticula 324, 325 complications 325, 326 cutting technique 320, 321 electrosurgical unit 322 patient preparation 319, 320 sphincterotome 320, 322 stone extraction, see Biliary stones tips and tricks 322 324 Biliary endoscopic sphincterectomy liver transplantation biliary complication management 395, 396 stricture induction 361 Biliary stones endoscopic extraction accessories 338 341 outcomes 341, 343 post-procedure care 343 PSBD, see Post-sphincterotomy, transampullary balloon dilation technique 337 339 liver transplantation 398, 399 peroral cholangioscopy lithotripsy 408 Biliary stricture benign autoimmune cholangiopathy 360, 361 ischemic strictures 361 overview 356 358 pancreatitis 360 post-biliary endoscopic sphincterectomy strictures 361 postoperative strictures 359, 360 primary sclerosing cholangitis 360 self-expanding metal stents 358 etiology 356, 357, 380 indeterminate obstruction 361 drainage in chronic pancreatitis outcomes 470, 471 overview 469 technique 469, 470 endoscopic ultrasound-guided procedures choledochoduodenostomy 515 hepaticogastrostomy 515, 516 malignant obstruction bilateral versus unilateral drainage 373 dilation 365, 366 distal obstruction 370, 371, 378, 379 hilar obstruction 371, 372 indications 364 sphincterotomy 367 technical aspects 364, 365 etiology 363 peroral cholangioscopy evaluation 405, 406, 408 stents accessories 378 covered metallic stent 369, 370 Subject Index 539
Biliary stricture (continued) metal 367 369 outcomes benign stricture 381, 382 distal malignant obstruction 378, 379 proximal malignant obstruction 379, 381 plastic 367 selection 369 technique 375, 377 Biliary tract infection, antibiotic therapy 12, 13 Bipolar electrocoagulation, hemostasis 19, 20 Botulinum toxin, endoscopic ultrasound for injection guidance 518, 519 Brachytherapy, endoscopic ultrasound guidance of implantation 518 Buried bumper syndrome, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy 206, 207 Celiac plexus neurolysis and block, endoscopic ultrasound guidance complications 513 overview 507, 512 technique 512, 513 Cholangiocarcinoma, see Biliary stricture; Photodynamic therapy Cholangioscopy, see Peroral cholangioscopy Cholangitis, antibiotic therapy parasite-induced cholangitis 13 sclerosing cholangitis 13 Choledochoduodenostomy, endoscopic ultrasound-guided procedures 515, 525, 527 Clopidogrel benefits and risks of therapy 3 endoscopy and risk/benefit analysis elective procedures 5, 6 emergency procedures 5 procedures 3 5 Colon polyp definition 254 255 removal, see Polypectomy shape and size considerations 259 261 Colorectal cancer endoscopic submucosal dissection accessories 291 294 endoscopes 290, 291 outcomes 294 overview 287 principles 287, 288 technique 288 290 tips and tricks 294 self-expanding metal stents complications 299 controversies 300, 301 indications 296, 297 insertion 297 299 limitations 300 outcomes 299, 300 types 298 Common bile duct stones, see Biliary stones Computed tomography (CT) anastomotic leaks 187, 188 middle gastrointestinal bleeding 234, 235 CT, see Computed tomography DBE, see Double-balloon enteroscopy Diclofenac, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography-induced pancreatitis prophylaxis 317 Dilation, see Esophageal stricture Direct percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy (DPEJ) accessories 210 feeding timing after procedure 213 indications and contraindications 209, 210 insertion 210, 211 outcomes 213 overview 209 patient evaluation and positioning 209, 210 removal and replacement 213 special considerations 211, 212 Diverticular bleeding, 248 250 Diverticulitis, antibiotic therapy 15 Double-balloon enteroscopy (DBE) accessories 216 argon plasma coagulation 216, 217 complications 218, 219 dilation therapy 218 endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography 218 foreign body extraction 218 middle gastrointestinal bleeding evaluation 231 233 polypectomy 217, 218 stenting 218 technique 216 therapeutic options 215, 216 DPEJ, see Direct percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy Dysphagia, differential diagnosis 91 93 Endoclips, hemostasis 23 26 Endoscopic balloon sphincteroplasty, see Ampullary balloon dilation 540 Subject Index
Endoscopic mucosal resection, see Polypectomy Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography (ERCP) altered upper gastrointestinal tract anatomy considerations accessories 431, 432, 435 outcomes 436 overview 430 patient preparation 431 technique 433 436 antibiotic prophylaxis in therapeutic endoscopy 11 balloon-assisted enteroscopy 218 cholangiography air introduction prevention 305 anatomy 305 bile duct obscuring with duodenoscope 307 complication recognition 310 contrast injection minimization 309 contrast strength 305 early injection cholangiograms 307 fluoroscopic imaging 305 intrahepatic duct leaks 308, 309 patient position and contrast distribution 306, 307 pneumobilia removal 309 radiology communications 310 review of previous imaging 303 scout radiographs before contrast agent injection 303 305 stone distinguishing from air 309 pancreas divisum diagnosis 450, 451 pancreatitis induction epidemiology 311 onset and recognition 315 pathogenesis 311, 312 prevention non-traumatic procedure 314 pharmacological prophylaxis 316, 317 stenting 314 risk factors patient-related factors 312 procedure-related factors 313 precutting cannulation current density 329, 330 guidelines 329 outcomes 333 335 overview 328, 329 post-procedure care 332 prospects 335, 336 techniques 330 332 Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) accessories 291 294 endoscopes 290, 291 gastric cancer complications 164, 165 indications 157, 159 novel equipment and techniques 162, 164 outcomes 167 overview 156 technique circumferential mucosa incision 161 dissection 161, 162 hemostasis 162 marking 159, 161 principles 157, 158 submucosal injection 161 outcomes 294 overview 287 principles 287, 288 technique 288 290 tips and tricks 294 Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) bile duct obstruction management choledochoduodenostomy 515 hepaticogastrostomy 515, 516 biliary drainage, see Endoscopic ultrasoundguided cholangiodrainage botulinum toxin injection guidance 518, 519 celiac plexus neurolysis and block guidance complications 513 overview 507, 512 technique 512, 513 fine needle aspiration adrenal glands 505 lung cancer staging 505 mesenchymal tumors 505 507 pancreatic cysts 502, 503 pancreatic masses 503 505 technique 501, 502 thyroid gland 507 glue injection for variceal bleeding 519 implant placement guidance 518 pancreas divisum diagnosis 450 452 pancreatic duct obstruction management 516, 517 pancreatic fluid drainage guidance accessories 488, 489 complications 495 498, 515 limitations 495 outcomes 498, 499 overview 485, 486, 513, 514 patient preparation 487, 488 Subject Index 541
Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) (continued) procedural aspects 486, 487, 514, 515 technique 489 494 pelvic fluid drainage 517, 518 portal vein 519 radiofrequency ablation 519 tumor localization 519 Endoscopic ultrasound-guided cholangiodrainage (EUCD) choledochoduodenostomy 515, 525, 527 hepaticogastrostomy 515, 516, 528 531 instruments and materials 523, 525 outcomes 523, 524, 533 535 overview 522, 523 post-procedure care 532, 533 transhepatic internal drainage with no rendezvous 531 ERCP, see Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography ESD, see Endoscopic submucosal dissection Esophacoil, features 109 Esophageal cancer, endoscopic resection outcomes Barret s adenocarcinoma 149 squamous cell carcinoma 150, 151 overview 147 prospects 153, 154 staging 152, 153 technique and accessories 148 Esophageal stricture algorithm for management 99 antibiotic prophylaxis in therapeutic endoscopy 12 Barrett s esophagus photodynamic therapy complication 133 classification 93, 95 clinical features 91 endoscopic dilation accessories 95, 96 balloons 100 102 complications 102, 103 patient preparation 94, 95 technique 96 102 etiology 91 stenting malignancies with self-expanding metal stents complications 113, 114 deployment 111 overview 106 patient preparation 107 post-procedure care 111 113 stricture analysis 109, 110 demarcation 110, 111 types of stents 107 109 Esophageal varices (EV), see also Variceal bleeding acute bleeding management 60, 61 bleeding prevention algorithm 62 for bleeding instruments and materials 56 ligation 57 obliteration 59 outcomes 59 patient preparation 56 sclerotherapy 56, 57 epidemiology 55 recurrent bleeding prevention 60, 61 EUCD, see Endoscopic ultrasound-guided cholangiodrainage EUS, see Endoscopic ultrasound EV, see Esophageal varices Fiducial, endoscopic ultrasound guidance of implantation 518 Fine needle aspiration (FNA), endoscopic ultrasound guidance adrenal glands 505 antibiotic prophylaxis 11, 12 lung cancer staging 505 mesenchymal tumors 505 507 pancreatic cysts 502, 503 pancreatic masses 503 505 technique 501, 502 thyroid gland 507 FNA, see Fine needle aspiration Foreign body removal admission decision 88 balloon-assisted enteroscopy 218 complications 88, 89 outcomes 88 overview 79 81 patient preparation 81 types and treatment batteries 85 bezoars 85, 86 body packing of illicit drugs 87, 88 bones 84, 85 impacted food bolus 81 83 magnets 85 medical foreign bodies 86, 87 rectal foreign bodies 86 sharp objects 85 work-up 80, 81 542 Subject Index
Gabexate mesylate, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography-induced pancreatitis prophylaxis 316, 317 Gastric antral vascular ectasia, see Portal hypertensive gastropathy Gastric cancer, see also Malignant gastric outlet obstruction endoscopic resection outcomes 151, 152 overview 147 prospects 153, 154 staging 152, 153 technique and accessories 148 endoscopic submucosal dissection complications 164, 165 indications 157, 159 novel equipment and techniques 162, 164 outcomes 167 overview 156 technique circumferential mucosa incision 161 dissection 161, 162 hemostasis 162 marking 159, 161 principles 157, 158 submucosal injection 161 Gastric varices, see also Variceal bleeding instrumentation and materials 65, 66 outcomes 68 patient preparation 64, 65 post-procedure care 67 sclerotherapy technique 66, 67 epidemiology 64 Halo, see Barrett s esophagus Heater probe, hemostasis 19, 72 Helicobacter pylori, eradication in peptic ulcer bleeding 51, 52 Hemorrhoids, for bleeding 247, 248 Hemostasis, see also specific conditions band ligation 27 electrosurgical units 30, 31 endoclips 23 26 injection therapy needles 22, 23, 26 solutions 23 thermal hemostasis contact thermal techniques 18 20 non-contact thermal techniques 20 22 overview 28, 29 Heparin benefits and risks of therapy 2 endoscopy and risk/benefit analysis elective procedures 5, 6 emergency procedures 5 procedures 3 5 forms 2 Hepaticogastrostomy, endoscopic ultrasoundguided procedures 515, 516, 528 531 Indomethacin, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography-induced pancreatitis prophylaxis 317 Injection-assisted polypectomy, see Polypectomy Laterally spreading tumors, endoscopic mucosal resection 269, 270, 275, 277 280 LGIB, see Lower gastrointestinal bleeding Liver transplantation biliary complications, see also Bile leak clinical manifestations 393 advantages and limitations 400, 401 anastomotic stricture 396, 397 bile leak 399 biliary stones 398, 399 bleeding disorder precautions 394 distal strictures 398 hilar stricture 397, 398 infection prevention 393, 394 intrahepatic stricture 398 metallic stents 400 post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder 399 Roux-en-Y anastomosis 399 sedation and anesthesia 395 sphincter of Oddi dysfunction 398 sphincterotomy 395, 396 etiology 392, 393 types 391 biliary reconstruction 391 donors 392 Lower gastrointestinal bleeding (LGIB) algorithm for evaluation 246 angiography 243, 244 causes 240, 241 definition 221, 240 colon preparation 245 diverticular bleeding 248 250 equipment 247 hemorrhoids 247, 248 Subject Index 543
Lower gastrointestinal bleeding (LGIB) (continued) outcomes 247 overview 245 polypectomy 250 radiation proctitis 250 solitary rectal ulcer syndrome 250 timing 245, 247 epidemiology 240 esophagogastroduodenoscopy 243 etiology 246 initial assessment 241 patient evaluation 241, 243 resuscitation 241 scintigraphy 245 surgical indications 245 triage 241 Lung cancer, endoscopic ultrasound fine needle aspiration for staging 505 Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP), pseudocyst drainage imaging 465 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), middle gastrointestinal bleeding 234 Magnets, foreign body removal 85 Malignant gastric outlet obstruction (MGOO) localization 175, 176 self-expanding metal stents endoscopic placement 178 181 outcomes 181 183 overview 174 patient preparation 175 177 stent selection 177, 178 Mesenchymal tumors, endoscopic ultrasound fine needle aspiration 505 507 MGIB, see Middle gastrointestinal bleeding MGOO, see Malignant gastric outlet obstruction Middle gastrointestinal bleeding (MGIB) definition 221 differential diagnosis 222 229 endoscopic evaluation balloon-assisted enteroscopy 231 233 capsule endoscopy 231, 233 overview 230, 231 options for small bowel bleeding 35 imaging angiography 234, 235 barium enteroclysis 233, 234 computed tomography 234, 235 magnetic resonance imaging 234 overview 230, 231 technetium 99m scanning 233 patient evaluation 222, 229, 230 treatment algorithm 230, 235, 236 Minor papilla sphincterotomy, see also Pancreas divisum access and dorsal ductography 441 445 adverse events 446 localization and endoscopic approach 439 441 minor papillotomy 443, 445 outcomes 445, 446 overview 438, 439 prospects 446, 447 stenting after papillotomy 443 Monopolar electrocoagulation, hemostasis 19 MRCP, see Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography MRI, see Magnetic resonance imaging Multipolar electrocoagulation, hemostasis 19, 73 Needle-knife papillotomy (NKP), endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography cannulation current density 329, 330 guidelines 329 outcomes 333 335 overview 328, 329 post-procedure care 332 prospects 335, 336 techniques 330 332 NKP, see Needle-knife papillotomy Obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (OGIB), definition 221 OGIB, see Obscure gastrointestinal bleeding Pancreas divisum (PD), see also Minor papilla sphincterotomy clinical features 438, 439 diagnosis 450 453 embryology 449 accessories 453 dilation and sphincterotomy 454, 455 outcomes 455 patient preparation 453 technique 453, 454, 456 epidemiology 438, 449 genetic susceptibility 450 Pancreatic fluid drainage abscess 479 acute fluid collections 477 479 antibiotic prophylaxis 11, 465 544 Subject Index
complications 482, 483 endoscopic ultrasound-guided drainage accessories 488, 489 complications 495 498, 515 limitations 495 outcomes 498, 499 overview 485, 486, 513, 514 patient preparation 487, 488 procedural aspects 486, 487, 514, 515 technique 489 494 evaluation 479, 480 necrosis 479, 483 pancreatic duct drainage outcomes 462, 463 overview 459, 460 pancreatic duct stones 460 strictures 460 462 pseudocyst drainage imaging 465, 480 outcomes 467 469, 483 overview 463, 464 prospects 465 transmural drainage 466, 467, 480 transpapillary drainage 465, 466, 480 pseudocyst types acute 477 479 chronic 479 Pancreatitis antibiotic prophylaxis in therapeutic endoscopy 12 biliary endoscopic sphincterectomy induction 326 biliary stricture management 360 endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography induction epidemiology 311 onset and recognition 315 pathogenesis 311, 312 prevention non-traumatic procedure 314 pharmacological prophylaxis 316, 317 stenting 314 risk factors patient-related factors 312 procedure-related factors 313 Pancreatitis, chronic biliary drainage outcomes 470, 471 overview 469 technique 469, 470 pancreatic duct drainage outcomes 462, 463 overview 459, 460 pancreatic duct stones 460 strictures 460 462 pseudocyst drainage imaging 465 outcomes 467 469, 483 overview 463, 464 prospects 465 transmural drainage 466, 467, 480 transpapillary drainage 465, 466, 480 Papillectomy, endoscopic ampulla of Vater tumor resection algorithm 421 complications 420 indications 415, 416 limitations 419, 420 outcomes 419 overview 412, 413 patient preparation 415, 417 staging 413 415 technique en-bloc versus piecemeal resection 417 preresection sphincterotomy 417 stenting of pancreatic duct 418, 419 submucosal injection 417 surveillance 419 thermal ablation 417, 418 PD, see Pancreas divisum PDSBD, see Post-sphincterotomy, transampullary balloon dilation PDT, see Photodynamic therapy PEG, see Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy Pelvic fluid drainage, endoscopic ultrasound guidance 517, 518 Peptic ulcer bleeding (PUB) combination therapy 47 complications 49 concurrent medical therapy acid suppression 50, 51 Helicobacter pylori eradication 51, 52) initial evaluation 38 40 injection therapy 41, 43 mechanical therapy 47 outcomes 47 49 overview of options 34, 35 patient preparation 40, 41 post-procedure care 49 thermal coagulation 44, 45, 47 epidemiology 37 grading 41, 42 Peptic ulcer stricture, see Pyloric stenosis Subject Index 545
Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) antibiotic prophylaxis 11 complications major 205, 206 minor 206 resolution 206, 207 contraindications 199 indications 198, 199 jejunal extension 209 materials 200 patient preparation 200 post-procedure care 202, 204 probe removal and displacement 204 puncture avoidance 205 stoma infection risk reduction 204 technique introducer method 201, 202 pull method 201 push method 201, 203 tips and tricks 204, 205 Percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy, see Direct percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy Perforation, antibiotic therapy 15 Peroral cholangioscopy biliary stone lithotripsy 408 biliary stricture evaluation 405, 406, 408 instruments and accessories 404, 406 limitations and complications 408, 409 outcomes 409, 410 overview 403, 404 patient preparation 404 technique 404, 405 PHG, see Portal hypertensive gastropathy Photodynamic therapy (PDT) Barrett s esophagus balloon handling 130 complications 136, 137 efficacy evaluation 132, 133 multicenter study 133, 134 single-center study 134, 135 energy density calculation 130 132 overview 128 patient selection 129 porfimer sodium administration 129 post-procedure management 132 precautions 132 stricture complication management 133 supplemental treatment 133 cholangiocarcinoma accessories 426 epidemiology 423 outcomes 426 428 overview 423, 424 technique 424 426 Polypectomy balloon-assisted enteroscopy 217, 218 biopsy 263 cecal polyp precautions 261 complications management 265, 267 prevention 261, 263, 264 electrosurgical currents 263 endoscopic mucosal resection accessories 283, 284 narrow band imaging 272, 273 outcomes 284 286 overview 269, 270 technique 270 283 for bleeding 250 injection-assisted polypectomy 263 265 patient preparation 255, 256 shape and size considerations 259 261 snares placement around polyp 259 types 258 tips and tricks 256, 258, 259, 261 Porfimer sodium, see Photodynamic therapy Portal hypertensive gastropathy (PHG) complications 75 cryotherapy 74 instrumentation 72 ligation 74, 75 outcomes 74, 75 patient preparation 72 post-procedure care 77 radiofrequency treatment 74 technique and accessories 72 74 epidemiology 70 gastric antral vascular ectasia 71, 72 pathophysiology 70, 71 Portal vein, endoscopic ultrasound 519 Post-sphincterotomy, transampullary balloon dilation (PSBD) accessories 346, 347 complications 347 indications 345, 346 outcomes biliary stone extraction 350 353 sphincter of Oddi function 350 patient preparation 346 technique 347 349 546 Subject Index
Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD), liver transplantation 399 Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), biliary stricture management 360 PSC, see Primary sclerosing cholangitis Pseudocyst drainage, see Pancreatic fluid drainage PTLD, see Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder PUB, see Peptic ulcer bleeding Pyloric stenosis endoscopic dilation complications 171 post-procedure care 171, 172 technique 169 171 tips 172 peptic ulcer stricture 169 Radiation proctitis, for bleeding 250 Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) Barrett s esophagus overview 126 treatment with Halo system complications 142 outcomes 143 145 patient preparation 141 post-procedure care 141, 142 technical aspects 141, 142 endoscopic ultrasound applications 519 portal hypertensive gastropathy 74 RFA, see Radiofrequency ablation Roux-en-Y anastomosis, liver transplantation 399 SBE, see Single-balloon enteroscopy Self-expanding metal stents (SEMS) biliary stricture management 358 colorectal cancer complications 299 controversies 300, 301 indications 296, 297 insertion 297 299 limitations 300 outcomes 299, 300 types 298 esophageal malignancy stenting complications 113, 114 deployment 111 overview 106 patient preparation 107 post-procedure care 111 113 stricture analysis 109, 110 demarcation 110, 111 types of stents 107 109 malignant gastric outlet obstruction management endoscopic placement 178 181 outcomes 181 183 overview 174 patient preparation 175 177 stent selection 177, 178 SEMS, see Self-expanding metal stents Sharp objects, foreign body removal 85 Single-balloon enteroscopy (SBE) accessories 216 argon plasma coagulation 216, 217 complications 218, 219 dilation therapy 218 endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography 218 foreign body extraction 218 polypectomy 217, 218 stenting 218 technique 216 therapeutic options 215, 216 Small bowel bleeding, see Middle gastrointestinal bleeding Small bowel endoscopy, see Double-balloon enteroscopy; Single-balloon enteroscopy Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome, for bleeding 250 Somatostatin, esophageal varices acute bleeding management 60 Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction after liver transplantation 398 function preservation 350 Sphincterectomy, see Biliary endoscopic sphincterectomy Sphincterotomy, see Minor papilla sphincterotomy Stomach cancer, see Gastric cancer Terlipressin, esophageal varices acute bleeding management 60 Thyroid gland, endoscopic ultrasound fine needle aspiration 507 Ultraflex stent, features 108 Ultrasonography, see Endoscopic ultrasound Ultrasound, see Endoscopic ultrasound Variceal bleeding, see also Esophageal varices; Gastric varices antibiotic prophylaxis in ligation 12 options 32, 33 endoscopic ultrasound for glue injection 519 Subject Index 547
Wallstent, features 107, 108 Warfarin benefits and risks of therapy 1, 2 endoscopy and risk/benefit analysis elective procedures 5, 6 emergency procedures 5 procedures 3 5 Zenker s diverticulum diagnosis 116 animal models 120 complications 118, 119 dissection technique 117, 118 historical perspective 116, 117 indications 117 outcomes 118 pathophysiology 115 sizing of lesions 115 surgical treatment 116 symptoms 116 Z-stent, features 108 548 Subject Index