Absorption in self-hypnosis, 210-211 personal narratives, 217, 220 Aitken, Cairns, 13 Alcohol addiction, treatment, 277-287 definitions, 279 discussion, 284-285 etiology, 281 history and diagnosis, 281 hypnosis, 283-284 statistics, 278 treatment, 281-284 withdrawal, 282 Alphe rhythms, EEG hypnosis, 150 and hemispheric specificity, 169-179 Amnesia, following a crime, hypnosis, 318-320 and dissociation, 37 post-hypnotic, early observations, 70 psychological implications, 320-322 Anosmia, hypnotic, and olfactory evoked potentials, 139-147 Anxiety control training in compulsive disorder treatment, 371-376 (see atso Obsessional neurosis) hypnosis, athletes, 359-369 discussion, 366-367 electrocardiograph, 361 heart rate results, 366, 368 Anxiety (continued) hypnosis, athletes (continued) Lafayette Pursuit Rotor Model 30012, 361, 367 method, 361 procedure, 362 results, 363-364 state-trait anxiety inventory, 361, 363 results, 365-366, 367 Artificial somnambulism, definition, 68 Athletes, state anxiety and stress, 359-369 Attention in self-hypnosis, 210, 211, 213 personal narrative, 217, 218, 219, 220 Autistic form-varieties of primary process, 49 versus socialized use of primary process, 47-48 Aversion therapy, 282 Barber Suggestibility Scale (BSS), 51 Barbers, historical facts, 5 Barbiturate addiction, treatment, 282 Behavior clinical, and hypnotizability, 89-96 therapy and hypnosis in impotence, 303 Behaviorism, present status, 29-30 421
422 Bernheim's interpretations of suggestion, 69-70, 71-72 Braid, James, 3, 10, 68 description of 'mesmerism', 68 BSS see Barber Suggestibility Scale Catalepsy test, 72 Cay, Lorna, 13 Childbirth, audio taped selfhypnosis, 226-232 (see also Obstetric patients) Chlormethiazole in alcohol addiction, 282 Civil rights, and hypnosis in criminal investigation, 322-323 Clinical behavior and hypnotizability, 89-96 Coercive persuasion and the law, 309-315 America, 311 historical facts. 311-314 magnetism. 312. 314 19th C. investigators. 314 somnambulism. 313 unskilled practitioners. 312 use of hypnosis. 310-314 Colquhoun. J.C 9-10 Concentration in self-hypnosis. 210. 211. 213 Condensation in hypnosis. 43-44. 45 interpretation. 48 Conscious (consciousness). and unconscious process in hypnosis. 29-40 altered states. 33-34. 79-83 dissociation as alternative. 36-38 heightened suggestibility. 30-31 and preconscious. relationship. 36 and psychoanalysis. 32-34 registration without awareness. 37 Cost-effectiveness. audio taped self-hypnosis. obstetric patients. 224. 227 INDEX Covert conditioning in smoking withdrawal, results. 273-274 Criminal investigations. hypnosis in. 317-325 conclusion. 323-324 ethical, legal and civil rights, implications, 322-323, 324 examples. 319. 320-322 psychological implications, 320. 324 reliability of recalled material, 318-320 (see also Forensic hypnosis: Law) de Pyusegur, 67 Dental patient. difficult. 409-410 approach to patient. 410-412 classification of patients. 414-416 communication. 416-417 drugs. 419 fear. classification. 414 frightened child. 412-413 hypnosis and hypnotherapy. 419 patient's attitude. 417-418 practitioner's qualities. 416 psychological approach. 419 techniques to eradicate fear. 418-419 Dental phobia, self-hypnosis, 401-407 categories of fear. 402-403 "clenched fist" technique. 403-404 Glasgow Dental Hospital phobia index. 405, and appendix A glove anesthesia. 405 other neuroses. 403 phobia profile. 403 psychotherapies built into self-hypnosis. 404 results. 405 Displacement in hypnosis. 43-44. 44-45 interpretation, 48
Dissociation theory, 36-38 Drug addiction, treatment, 277-287 definitions, 279 etiology, 280 history and diagnosis, 281 main features, 279 treatment, 281-284 withdrawal, 282 Electroencephalography (EEG) epilepsy, hypnotic, nonhypnotic states, 149-159 evoked potential, hypnotic anosmia and transient olfactory stimulation, 139-147 (see azso Evoked potentials: Olfactory) left to right hemispheres, deep hypnosis, 103-104 Ego activity in self-hypnosis, personal narrative, 217, 218, 219 -enhancing and stopping smoking, 271-272, 273 receptivity in self-hypnosis, 210, 211, 213 personal narrative, 217, 218, 220 Electromyographic activity during deep hypnosis, 102-103 hemiparesis, 185-187, 195-199 peripheral nerve lesions, hypnotherapy, 183-185 muscle fatigue, 199-204 urinary incontinence, 189-193 Electro-oculography in olfactory stimulation, 143 Elliotson, John, 9, 11 Endorphins, beta, plasmatic, and hypnosis, 259-266 biochemistry, 260-261 blood samples, 262 ACTH and cortisol, 263-264 extraction of beta-endorphin, 263 plasma values, 263 hypnotic analgesia, 262 results, 263-265 role in chronic pain, 261 423 Enhanced suggestibility, 68 Epilepsy, depth EEG, 149-159 background electrical activity, 153-154 Barber Suggestibility Scales, 151 clinical data, 151, 152 depth EEG data, 151, 152 discussion, 154-157 during sleep, 154 hypnosis, 150 interictal activity, 154 material and method, 151 non-hypnotic state, 154 physiological responses, 153 procedure and design, 151-153 Ericksonian hypnosis, 72-73 Esdaile, James, 3, 10 Ethical implications, hypnosis in criminal investigation, 322-323, 324 Evoked potentials olfactory and hypnotic anosmia, 139-147 verbal and imagery coding, 161-168 hypnosis, 164-166 recording, 163-164 results, 164-166 waking state, 164-166 Eye-witness recall in criminal investigation, 327-329 Fisher, David, 12 Forensic hypnosis, effects, 327-343 eyewitness recall, 327-329 discussion, correct and incorrect answering, 339-342 methods, 329-334 results, 334-339 (see azso Criminal investigation: Law) Freud, Sigmund, 11 General reality orientation in self-hypnosis, 210, 212, 213 personal narratives, 217, 220 phobias, 241
424 Glasgow Dental Hospital dental phobia index, 405 and appendix A Guided memory and hypnosis in witness recall, 350-352 Guillain-Barre's disease, hypnosis, 385-390 case description, 386-387 treatment and results, 387-389 Halliday, John, 12 Hallucinations in schizophrenia and hypnotizability, 46 Heminevrin in alcohol addiction, 282 Hemiparesis, hypnotherapy, 185-188 electrically stimulated contractions, 195-199 EMG studies, 185-187, 195-199 results, 187-188 right, and hypnosis susceptibility, 162-168 evoked potentials, 163-164 hypnosis, 164-166 results, 164-166 waking state, 164-166 right and left, activity, hypnotist/subject, 103-104 specificity and hypnotizability, 169-179 apparatus, 171 definitions, 170-171 discussion, 176-178 experiments, 172-176 formulae, 170 hypnosis as right hemisphere task, 175-176 hypnotizability scores, 171 scoring of data, 171 tasks set, 171 conflicted, 172 Hypnosis concept, 32-33 changing, 19th C.-1950's, 69-71 definition, 67 general background, 15-18 historical aspects, 4-13, 67-73 INDEX Hypnosis (continued) in Mesmer's time, 18-19 modern practice, 19-23 origin of term, 3, 10 recall, 25 as state, 74-76 current thoughts, 76-80 other considerations, 76-86 scientific acceptance, 84-85 as self-hypnosis, 83 unconscious in relation to, 80-83 effects on subject of examiner, 25 Hypnotist and patient, relationship, 25 interaction see Interaction as regressive transference, 35 Hypnotizability in clinical behavior, relevance, 89-96 assessment, clinical, 90-91 clinician's question techniques, 91-93 criteria for hypnosis measurement, 91 examining clinical experience, laboratory findings, 93-94 versus hypnotic situation, 91-93 relevance of laboratory scales to clinical events, 94-85 and hemispheric specificity, 169-179 (see atso Hemispheres, specificity) measure, 23-24 in psychosis, clinical relevance, 41-64 discussion, 55-60 SHSS: A scales, 49-50 sample variances, 52-55 and socialized use of primary process, 49-52 (see atso Psychosis: Schizophrenia) statistics, 251-252
Imagery future-orientated. 236. 242 phobias. self-hypnosis. 237, 238-239 in self-hypnosis. 209-210 personal narrative. 217. 218. 219. 220 and verbal commands, 161-168 evoked potentials. 163-164 hypnosis. 164-166 results. 164-166 right cerebral hemisphere and hypnosis susceptibility. 162-168 SHSS: A and B, 162 waking state, 164-166 Impotence, male. hypnotherapy, 297-305 and behavioral approach, 303 definition, 298-299 etiology, 299-300 age, 299-300 conversion symptoms, 299 environmental factors, 299 interpersonal relations, 299 methods, 300-302 psychological background. 298, 302 psychological treatment, 302-303 results, 302 secondary, 303 therapy. 300-302 Incontinence. urinary see Urinary incontinence Interaction between hypnotist and subject, 97-108 characteristic psychophysiological alterations, 98-100 discussion. 105-107 hypnotists, 99 induction of hypnosis, 99 methods, 98-99 procedure, 100 recording, 99-100 results, 100-105 differences between sessions, 100-102 electromyographic activity, 102-103 425 Interaction between hypnotist and subject (continued) results (continued) relation between power spectra, 104-105 right and left hemispheric activity. 103-104 Involuntary responses, 109-117 (see also Nonvolition) Kissen, David, 13 Labor, self-hypnosis, audiotaped, 226-232 (see also Obstetric patients) Language, metaphoric, 42-45 (see also Metaphoric language) Law coercive persuasion and hypnosis. 309-315 and hypnosis, criminal investigations, 322-323 induction in witness recall, 345-355 conclusions, 352-354 design relevance, problems, 347-348 eye closure, 348 hypnosis and guided memory, 350-352 hypnotic induction and relaxation, 348-349 results, 349 memory studies, 346 age regression, 346 and magnetism, 311-312 McDougall, John, 11 Magnetism animal, 3 and the law, 311-312 Memory enhancement by hypnosis. 24-25 in witness recall, criminal investigation. 346 Mesmer, Franz Anton, 8-9 Mesmerism. rise, 7-11, 18-19 Metaphoric language. 42-45 definition, 42-43 displacement and condensation, 43-45
426 Metaphoric language (continued) in schizophrenia, example, 45-46 suggestion. 43 trance-logic concept. 43. 45 Metonymy. definition. 42. 44 Multiple personality phenomenon. 391-398 case report and description of personalities. 392-395 discussion, 396-397 hypoanalytic treatment, 391-392 Muscle fatigue. hypnotherapy, 199-204 electrically stimulated contractions, 200-204 EMG studies, 199-204 voluntary contractions, 199-200 Neodissociation theory, 37, 59 Neuromuscular phenomena, and hypnosis, 181-206 electrically stimulated contractions, 193-199 hemiparesis, 195-199 peripheral lesions, 193 muscle fatigue, 199-204 voluntary contraction of muscles, 182-193 hemiparesis, 185-188 peripheral motor nerve lesions, 182-185 urethral sphincter, 188-193 Nonvolition and hypnosis, 109-117 method I: hypnotic, imagination and stimulation conditions, 111-112 method II: hypnotic and simulation conditions contrasted, 111-112 instructions, 112 results, 112-115 Obsessional neurosis. anxiety control training, 371-376 definition, 373 discussion, 375 method, 373-374 results, 374-375 treatment, 374-375 INDEX Obstetric patients cost-effectiveness, 227 discussion, 230-232 method for audio taped selfhypnosis training, 226-228 questionnaire after delivery, 227 results, 228-230 use of hypnosis, 224-226 cost-effectiveness, 224 mass or group, 224 patient without hypnosis training in labor, 225-226 Olfactory evoked potential and hypnotic anosmia, 139-147 EEG measurement, 143-144 electrode position, 144, 145 experimental setting, 142-143 hypnosis versus waking states, 144 hypnotic induction, 141 method, 141 olfactory stimulation, 142-143 procedure, 141 results, 144-145 subjects, 141 Pain control concept of pain, 249-250 awareness, 253 biochemical activity, 251 compensation, 254 control/hypnosis, paradox, 252-253 distinction from suffering, 252 guilt, 253 physiology, 250-251 talent for hypnosis, 251-252 hypnosis, effectiveness, 249-258 approaches, 255-256 displacement of symptoms, 255 dissociation, 255 indirect suggestions of relief, 255 substitution of symptoms, 255 time and space distortion, 256-257
Pain control (continued) in labor, self-hypnosis, audiotaped, 226-232 (see azso Endorphins, beta: Obstetric patients) Peripheral nerve lesions, hypnotherapy, 182-183 electrically stimulated contractions, 193 EMG studies, 183-185 results, 185 Personalities, multiple, phenomenon see Multiple personalities, phenomenon Phenothiazines in alcohol addiction, 282 Phobias Glasgow Dental Hospital phobia index, 405, and appendix A self-hypnosis, 235-245 awareness, 241 common features, successful/ unsuccessful, 238 discussion, 240-244 distracting thoughts, 242 goal-directed fantasies, 242-243 judge-rated variables, 239-240 results, 238-240 self-report variables, 238-239 training, 237 (see azso Dental phobia) Phrenology, early history, 9 Physicians, historical facts, 5, 6-7 Polypeptides see Endorphins, beta Power spectra, alpha and beta, deep hypnosis, 104-105 Preconscious and unconsciousness, relationship, 36 Primary process phenomena, 44 autistic form varieties, 49-50 discussion, 55-60 SF ratio, 50 socialized use and hypnotizability, 49-51 (see azso Pyschosis: Schizophrenia) 427 Psychoanalysis and hypnosis, 32-34 Psychosis, clinical relevance to hypnotizability, 41-64 discussion, 55-60 metaphoric language, 42-44, 45-46 primary process, 44 (see azso Autistic: Primary process: Schizophrenia) Psychosomatic medicine, general background, 15-18 Psychosomatics, 20th C., 11-13 Psychotherapies built into selfhypnosis, 304 Registration without awareness, 37 Regression, concept, 32 in relationship between hypnotist and patient, 35 Relaxation and hypnotic induction in witness recall, 348-349 as state of hypnosis, 76 Repression, concept, 32 Rodger, Ferguson, 11-12 Schizophrenia, metaphoric language, 45-47 Barber Suggestibility Scale, 51-52 hypnotizability, 46, 56-59 discussion, 55-60 normal data, 51-52 sample variances, 52-55 SHSS: A score, 49-50, 52-55 structure of scale, 59 Scientific considerations of hypnosis, 74-85 early terminology and definition, 69-72 hypnosis as state. 74-76 later terms. suggestion. trance. suggestibility, unconscious. 74-85 Scottish contribution, 3-14 Self-hypnosis audiotaped. obstetric patients. 223-233 (see azso Obstetric patients)
428 Self-hypnosis (continued) as concept, 82 dental phobia, 401-407 (see a"lso Dental phobia)" essential aspects, 209-214 compared with heterohypnosis, 209-210, 211-212 structural factors, 210-213 trance depth, 211-213 personal narratives, 215-222 (see a"lso specific structural factors) therapeutic, phobias, 235-245 "future orientated imagery", 236 (see a"lso Phobias) Sexual disorders and hypnosis, 291-295 hypnotherapy, 293-295 and behavior therapy, 294 case histories, 294-295 methods, 292 SF ratio, socialized formvarieties of primary process, 47, 50 'Shell-shock', use of hypnosis, 3 SHSS see Stanford Scale Smoking habit. effect of hypnosis. 269-275 concepts used, 270 aonvert conditioning. 272 discussion, 274-275 ego-enhancing, 271-272 method. 271 results. 273-274 specific post-hypnotic suggestions. 271-272 subsequent sessions. 273 suggestions for reinforcement, 272 Socialized versus autistic use of primary process. 47-48 'SF' ratio. 47. 50 Socialized use of primary process. and hypnotizability. 49-51 Somnambulism artificial. definition. 68 spontaneous, 313 INDEX Stanford Scale A (SHSS: A), 48 hypnotizability in schizophrenia and autism. 49-51 sample variances. 52-55 (see a"lso specific uses of scale) Stress. hypnosis, athletes. 359-369 (see a"lso Anxiety) Suggestibility enhanced. 68 with reference to consciousness. 30-32 primary and secondary, 32, 34 and hypnosis. relationship and comparison, 73-76 growth. 76. 77 Suggestion definition and current thought. 83-84 and suggestibility. 19th c. observations, 69-70 1950s interpretation. 71-72 Suicide, persons attempting. hypnotic susceptibility. 131-136 pre-suicide syndrome. 132, 134 results. 133-136 hypnotic treatment. results. 135-136 SHSS: A, 132-133 average susceptibility. 133 Surgeons. historical facts. 5. 6. 7 Symptoms of pain, hypnosis, 255-256 displacement, 255 dissociation. 255 substitution. 255 (see a"lso Pain control) Talent, hypnotic. statistics. 251-252 Tobacco addiction see Smoking habit Trance depth in self-hypnosis. 211-213 relationship to hypnotic phenomena. 79-80
Trance (continued) terminology, 71-73 'trance-logic' concept, 43, 45 Unconscious and conscious process in hypnosis, 29-40 dissociation theory, 36-38 registration without awareness, 37 repression and regression, 32 (see also Conscious) processes, early observations, 71-72 Unconsciousness, Freudian theory, and dynamics of hypnosis, 32-34 and preconsciousness, 35-36 Urethral sphincter, hypnotherapy, 188-193 Urinary incontinence, hypnotherapy, 188-193 EMG studies, 189-193 results, 191-193 retention, hypnosis for, 379-383 case description, 380-381 hypnosis treatment, 381-382 results, 382-383 429 Visual memory processing during hypnosis (continued) method. 122-123 performances when conditions same. 123-124 procedure. 122-123 reported information processing strategies, 125-126 SHSS: C. 122 subj ects. 122 visual memory discrimination task. 121. 123-125 Wakely. Thomas. 9 Witness recall. hypnosis and the law. 345-355 design relevance. problems, 347-348 eye closure. 348 memory studies. 346 age regression. 346 (see also Law) Zoist. 9. 11 Verbal and imagery commands, 161-168 evoked potentials, 163-164 hypnosis, 164-166 results, 164-166 waking state, 164-166 right cerebral hemisphere and hypnosis susceptibility, 162-168 SHSS: A and B, 162 Visual memory processing during hypnosis, 119-130 difference from waking, studies, 120-128 discussion, 126-128 imagery vividness during hypnosis, 120-121 influence of hypnosis on performance, 124-125