NUTRITION Professor Andrea Garrison Biology 11 Illustrations 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Proper Diet Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids (fats) Water Vitamins Fiber Inorganic salts Nutrition 2
Carbohydrates Sugar, starch, cellulose Function Energy source Carbon source for other molecules the cell makes Structure of cells and tissues Nutrition 3
Carbohydrates Sugars Very small carbohydrates Monosaccharides one sugar subunit Disaccharides two sugar subunits Nutrition 4
Carbohydrates Sugars Very small carbohydrates Monosaccharides one sugar subunit Disaccharides two sugar subunits Sugars are absorbed into blood quickly Nutrition 5
Carbohydrates Starch Very large carbohydrates Polysaccharides Starch -- in plants Glycogen in animals Cellulose in plants» Most animals have no enzyme to break it down Nutrition 6
Carbohydrates Starch Very large carbohydrates Polysaccharides Starch -- in plants Glycogen in animals Cellulose in plants» Most animals have no enzyme to break it down Take long time to break down Absorbed into blood more slowly Associated with other nutrients Vitamins, minerals Nutrition 7
Carbohydrate Digestion Most animals have no enzyme to digest cellulose Nutrition 8
Lipids Fats, oils, waxes Non-water soluble (non-polar) Function Energy source Structure of cells Carry fat soluble vitamins into cells Some are essential Must eat them, body cannot make them Nutrition 9
Lipids Nutrition 10
Lipid Digestion Nutrition 11
Saturated Fats vs Unsaturated Fats What do you know about saturated fats? Nutrition 12
Saturated Fats vs Unsaturated Fats What do you know about saturated fats? Solid at room temperature Found in animal fats Found in a few vegetable fats Palm oil Palm kernal oil Coconut oil Linked to heart disease Nutrition 13
Saturated Fats vs Unsaturated Fats What do you know about unsaturated fats? Liquid at room temperature Found in most vegetable fats Not linked to heart disease >50% of fat intake should be unsaturated fats Nutrition 14
Saturated vs unsaturated fats Nutrition 15
Trans fats What are trans fats? Nutrition 16
Trans fats What are trans fats? Seldom occur in nature Artificial hydrogenation of unsaturated fats Nutrition 17
Trans fats What are trans fats? Seldom occur in nature Artificial hydrogenation of unsaturated fats Why? Nutrition 18
Trans fats What are trans fats? Seldom occur in nature Artificial hydrogenation of unsaturated fats Why? Make liquid fats more solid Can say it s vegetable fat Longer shelf life Nutrition 19
Trans fats What are trans fats? Seldom occur in nature Artificial hydrogenation of unsaturated fats Why? Make liquid fats more solid Can say it s vegetable fat Longer shelf life WORST FATS FOR THE HEART NO ACCEPTABLE AMOUNT OF TRANS FAT Nutrition 20
Nutrition 21
Modified Fat What is modified fat? Nutrition 22
Modified Fat What is modified fat????????????????? Nutrition 23
Modified Fat What is modified fat????????????????? Modified fat may refer to use of chemically modified fats Not trans fats Not adequately studied for health effects Modified fat diet is different Replace saturated fats with unsaturated fats from veg oils, fish and nuts Nutrition 24
How do you know what you are getting? Nutrition 25
How do you know what you are getting? Nutrition 26
How do you know what you are getting? Nutrition 27
How do you know what you are getting? Nutrition 28
Proteins Long chains of amino acids Contain nitrogen Function Structure of cells Enzymes Antibodies Work force of cell Nutrition 29
Proteins Nutrition 30
Proteins Nutrition 31
Proteins Nutrition 32
Proteins Nutrition 33
Proteins 20 different amino acids 8 are essential in adults (9 in infants) Nutrition 34
Proteins 20 different amino acids 8 are essential in adults (9 in infants) Complete protein foods have all 8 Meat, dairy Nutrition 35
Proteins 20 different amino acids 8 are essential in adults (9 in infants) Complete protein foods have all 8 Meat, dairy Incomplete proteins foods have some, but not all essential amino acids Protein complementarity Combine foods to get all 8 Nutrition 36
Protein complementarity Nutrition 37
Kwashiokor Nutrition 38
Water Cell cytoplasm, extracellular fluid ~80% water Used by cells for many functions Dissolves many substances (vitamins, salts) Transport (via blood, across cell membranes, excretion of wastes occurs in water) Evaporative cooling Most chemical reactions in body occur in water Reactant in many body reactions (breaking apart starches, fats, etc) Movement of sperm requires water Lubricant of materials moving through digestive system Nutrition 39
Inorganic Salts Na, Cl, K, Mg, Ca, P, I, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, Co Calcium, magnesium, phosphorus necessary for bone and tooth formation Iron necessary for hemoglobin Iodine necessary for thyroid function NaCl necessary for proper osmotic balance Nutrition 40
Vitamins Substance the body needs in very small amounts and cannot make (or makes in insufficient amounts) Something that will make you sick if you don't get enough Many function as coenzymes Not all organisms require same vitamins Nutrition 41
Vitamins Vitamins required for humans Water soluble vitamins B 1 (thiamin), B 2 (riboflavin) B 6, B 12, nicotinic acid, *C, folic acid, pantothenic acid Fat soluble vitamins *A, *D, E, *K Can be toxic if too much *Know names of these vitamins and disorders associated with a lack of them Nutrition 42
Metabolism Utilization of end products of digestion Nutrients Energy Nutrition 43
Metabolism Utilization of end products of digestion Nutrients Energy Metabolic rate Energy needed for all activities Average 2000 Cal/day (varies with age, gender, activity) Nutrition 44
Metabolism Utilization of end products of digestion Nutrients Energy Metabolic rate Energy needed for all activities Average 2000 Cal/day (varies with age, gender, activity) Basal metabolic rate Energy needed to stay alive Females 1300 1500 Cal/day Males 1600 1800 Cal/day Nutrition 45
Metabolism Malnourished Adequate calories, but not right foods Nutrition 46
Kwashiokor Nutrition 47
Metabolism Malnourished Adequate calories, but not right foods Undernourished Inadequate calories Nutrition 48
Body Mass Index (BMI) Measure of body fat based on height and weight (applies ot adults) {weight (lb) / [height (in)] 2 x 703 < 18.5 underweight 18.5 24.9 normal > 25.0-29.9 overweight > 29.9 -- obese Nutrition 49
Body Mass Index (BMI) Nutrition 50