Insulin Control System for Diabetic Patients by Using Adaptive Controller

Similar documents
Observer-Based State Feedback for Enhanced Insulin Control of Type I Diabetic Patients

Active Insulin Infusion Using Fuzzy-Based Closed-loop Control

Non Linear Control of Glycaemia in Type 1 Diabetic Patients

SIMULATIONS OF A MODEL-BASED FUZZY CONTROL SYSTEM FOR GLYCEMIC CONTROL IN DIABETES

A Practical Approach to Prescribe The Amount of Used Insulin of Diabetic Patients

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Implementation of Inference Engine in Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System to Predict and Control the Sugar Level in Diabetic Patient

Identification, state estimation, and adaptive control of type i diabetic patients

Achieving Open-loop Insulin Delivery using ITM Designed for T1DM Patients

Causal Modeling of the Glucose-Insulin System in Type-I Diabetic Patients J. Fernandez, N. Aguilar, R. Fernandez de Canete, J. C.

IDENTIFICATION OF LINEAR DYNAMIC MODELS FOR TYPE 1 DIABETES: A SIMULATION STUDY

REQUIREMENTS SPECIFICATION

A prediction model for type 2 diabetes using adaptive neuro-fuzzy interface system.

IJESRT INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES & RESEARCH TECHNOLOGY PID CONTROLLER FOR BLOOD GLUCOSE CONTROL Ajmal M M *, C R Srinivasan *

Back Stepping SMC for Blood Glucose Control of Type-1 Diabetes Mellitus Patients

Proceedings of the 5th WSEAS International Conference on Telecommunications and Informatics, Istanbul, Turkey, May 27-29, 2006 (pp )

Report Documentation Page

Agent-based Simulation for Blood Glucose Control in Diabetic Patients

A mathematical model of glucose-insulin interaction

Hypoglycemia Detection and Prediction Using Continuous Glucose Monitoring A Study on Hypoglycemic Clamp Data

ADVANCES in NATURAL and APPLIED SCIENCES

A K Patra 1, R K Samantaray 2, (DR) J K Maharana 3*

Proposed Clinical Application for Tuning Fuzzy Logic Controller of Artificial Pancreas utilizing a Personalization Factor

An Improved Fuzzy PI Controller for Type 1 Diabetes

Alternative insulin delivery systems: how demanding should the patient be?

Glucose Concentration Simulation for Closed-Loop Treatment in Type 1 Diabetes

A Mathematical Model of Glucose - Insulin regulation under the influence of externally ingested glucose (G-I-E model)

Control of Glucose Metabolism

Outline. Model Development GLUCOSIM. Conventional Feedback and Model-Based Control of Blood Glucose Level in Type-I Diabetes Mellitus

An event-based point of view on the control of insulin-dependent diabetes

What is Diabetes Mellitus?

Real-Time State Estimation and Long-Term Model Adaptation: A Two-Sided Approach toward Personalized Diagnosis of Glucose and Insulin Levels

GLUCOSE CONTROL IN TYPE I DIABETIC PATIENTS: A VOLTERRA MODEL BASED APPROACH. Justin D. Rubb and Robert S. Parker

Simulation Study on Type I Diabetic Patient

Optimal Model Based Control for Blood Glucose Insulin System Using Continuous Glucose Monitoring

The oral meal or oral glucose tolerance test. Original Article Two-Hour Seven-Sample Oral Glucose Tolerance Test and Meal Protocol

Insulin Administration for People with Type 1 diabetes

SYSTEM MODELING AND OPTIMIZATION. Proceedings of the 21st IFIP TC7 Conference July 21st 25th, 2003 Sophia Antipolis, France

Estimation of Blood Glucose level. Friday, March 7, 14

Pathogenesis of Diabetes Mellitus

Multivariate Statistical Analysis to Detect Insulin Infusion Set Failure

BIOL212- Biochemistry of Disease. Metabolic Disorders: Diabetes

A PERSONALISED APPROACH TO INSULIN REGULATION USING BRAIN-INSPIRED NEURAL SEMANTIC MEMORY IN DIABETIC GLUCOSE CONTROL

GROUP PROJECT REQUIREMENTS AND SPECIFICATION

Comparison of Mamdani and Sugeno Fuzzy Interference Systems for the Breast Cancer Risk

Modeling of Glucose-Insulin System Dynamics in Diabetic Goettingen Minipigs

Report Documentation Page

Linear Quadratic Control Problem in Biomedical Engineering

MODELING AND SIMULATION OF FUZZY BASED AUTOMATIC INSULIN DELIVERY SYSTEM

Carbohydrate Ratio Optimization and Adaptation Algorithm. Supplementary Figure 1. Schematic showing components of the closed-loop system.

We are IntechOpen, the world s leading publisher of Open Access books Built by scientists, for scientists. International authors and editors

Why do we care? 20.8 million people. 70% of people with diabetes will die of cardiovascular disease. What is Diabetes?

Applying STPA to the Artificial Pancreas for People with Type 1 Diabetes

Optimal Blood Glucose Regulation using Single Network Adaptive Critics

VIRTUAL PATIENTS DERIVED FROM THE

IJISET - International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol. 1 Issue 6, August

Analysis of Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test Data Using Parametric and Nonparametric Modeling: Application to a Population at Risk for Diabetes

Diabetes in Pregnancy

9.3 Stress Response and Blood Sugar

Artificial Pancreas Device Systems. Populations Interventions Comparators Outcomes Individuals: With type 1 diabetes

Diabetes Care 33: , 2010

The Realities of Technology in Type 1 Diabetes

Application of Tree Structures of Fuzzy Classifier to Diabetes Disease Diagnosis

Artificial Pancreas Device Systems. Populations Interventions Comparators Outcomes. pump. pump

A Virtual Glucose Homeostasis Model for Verification, Simulation and Clinical Trials

Endocrine System. Regulating Blood Sugar. Thursday, December 14, 17

We are IntechOpen, the world s leading publisher of Open Access books Built by scientists, for scientists. International authors and editors

Fayrouz Allam Tabbin Institute for Metallurgical Studies, Helwan, Egypt

The effect of food on triggering type II diabetes: modeling a CBD Pancreas

Molecular Database Generation for Type 2 Diabetes using Computational Science-Bioinformatics Tools

Diabetes AN OVERVIEW. Diabetes is a disease in which the body is no longer

Type-2 fuzzy control of a fed-batch fermentation reactor

Simulation Study on Closed Loop Control Algorithm of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Patients

Commonwealth Nurses Federation. Preventing NCDs: A primary health care response Risk factor No 1: Diabetes

The Endocrine Pancreas (Chapter 10) *

Adaptive Type-2 Fuzzy Logic Control of Non-Linear Processes

Evaluation of Computer-aided Drug Delivery System with a Human Operator

Diabetes Management: Current High Tech Innovations

Outline Insulin-Glucose Dynamics a la Deterministic models Biomath Summer School and Workshop 2008 Denmark

Ideal of Fuzzy Inference System and Manifold Deterioration Using Genetic Algorithm and Particle Swarm Optimization

External Insulin Pumps Corporate Medical Policy

Unit 4 Homeostasis. The term homeostasis refers to the body s attempt. Your body systems must to maintain a stable internal environment -

DESIGN AND CONTROL OF THE ARTIFICAL PANCREAS

A Closed-Loop Artificial Pancreas Using Model Predictive Control and a Sliding Meal Size Estimator. Abstract. Introduction

Spectral Analysis of the Blood Glucose Time Series for Automated Diagnosis

Diagnosis Of the Diabetes Mellitus disease with Fuzzy Inference System Mamdani

Chapter 14 Elderly, Home and Long-term Care Collections. Objectives:

download instant at

Updates in Diabetes Technology

Developing an Artificial Pancreas The History & Future of Dose Safety

18. PANCREATIC FUNCTION AND METABOLISM. Pancreatic secretions ISLETS OF LANGERHANS. Insulin

Toward Plug and Play Medical Cyber-Physical Systems (Part 2)

Artificial Pancreas Device System (APDS)

Federal Initiatives in Smart Communities and the Internet of Things

Design and Analysis of Automatic Insulin Delivery System Using Pic Microcontroller

A Fuzzy Expert System for Heart Disease Diagnosis

What is the role of insulin pumps in the modern day care of patients with Type 1 diabetes?

Mathematical Modelling of Blood Glucose Level by Glucose Tolerance Test

NEW GENERATION CLOSED LOOP INSULIN DELIVERY SYSTEM

Transcription:

J. Basic. Appl. Sci. Res., 1(10)1884-1889, 2011 2011, TextRoad Publication ISSN 2090-4304 Journal of Basic and Applied Scientific Research www.textroad.com Insulin Control System for Diabetic Patients by Using Adaptive Controller Mohammadamin Daneshvar, Sadeq Aminifar Sama Technical and Vocational Training School, Islamic Azad University, Mahabad Branch, Mahabad, Iran ABSTRACT Diabetes is one of the most important medical problems during which the body's production and use of insulin is impaired, causing glucose concentration level to increase in the bloodstream.this paper focuses on designing a controller with observer to improve the performance of the insulin control for type I diabetic patients. Since the dynamic model of glucose levels in diabetic patients is a nonlinear model, therefore fuzzy controller is a good choice for controlling of insulin in blood. Simulation results show the performance of fuzzy controller to produce a stable control signal in comparison to PID controller. KEYWORDS: Pump, insulin, controller, and diabetes. 1. INTRODUCTION Several organs, hormones and enzyme systems are involved in the regulation of the blood glucose Levels in human body. Insulin is a hormone that is necessary for converting the blood sugar, or glucose, into usable energy. The human body maintains an appropriate level of insulin. Diabetes is caused by lack of insulin in the body. There are two major types of diabetes, called type I and type II diabetes. Type I diabetes are called Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM), or Juvenile Onset Diabetes Mellitus (JODM). Type II diabetes are known as Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM) or Adult-Onset Diabetes (AOD) [1-7]. The lifestyles of type I diabetes are often severely affected by the Consequences of the disease. Because of the insulin producing B-cells of the pancreas are destroyed, patients typically regulate glucose manually. The patient is totally dependent on an external source of insulin to be infused at an appropriate rate to maintain blood glucose concentration. Mishandling this task, potentially lead to a number of serious health problems including heart and blood vessel disease, kidney disease, blindness. Deviations below the basal glucose levels (hypoglycaemic deviations) are considerably more dangerous in the short term than positive (hyperglycaemic) deviations, although both types of deviations are undesirable [8, 9]. Large efforts are undertaken in pharmacology and biomedical engineering to control glucose concentration by proper insulin dosing [10]. The insulin infusion rate to a diabetic patient can be administrated based on the glucose (sugar) level inside the body. Over the years many mathematical models have been developed to describe the dynamic behaviour of human glucose-insulin systems. The most commonly used model is the minimal model introduced by Bergman [11-16]. The minimal model consists of a set of three differential equations with unknown parameters. Since diabetic patients differ dramatically due to variations of their physiology and pathology characteristics, the parameters of the minimal model are significantly different among patients. Based on such models, a variety of control technologies have been applied to glucose/insulin control problems [17-20]. Therefore, the closed loop control techniques are developed to maintain physiological glucose level [10]. 2 Metabolic process models In Fig. 1 (Sorensen, 1985) the behavioural difference among diabetic and normal patients for the blood glucose concentration (Fig. 1a) and the plasma free insulin concentration (Fig. 1b), when a meal is taken, is shown. The model used in this study is a multi-compartment model constituted by lots of differential equations where glucose and insulin are transferred into the compartments with a convective transport by the blood plasma. A detailed analysis of the model can be found in Sorensen (1985). The output of the system, used for the control proposed in this study, is the peripheral interstitial blood glucose concentration Gpi (set-point value = 80.7 mg/dl). Two inputs are considered: the intravenous release of insulin to the patient that represents the manipulation variable and the meal that instead represents the disturbance to the system. The Sorensen model does not include a module for the meal metabolism and considers as input the rate of gut oral glucose absorption determined by the assumption of a standard amountò (100 g) of glucose, as shown in Fig. 2 (Sorensen, 1985). The control target is to obtain for a diabetic patient a glucose concentration, after a meal, comparable to that of a healthy person. Corresponding author: M. Daneshvar, Sama technical and vocational training school, Islamic Azad University, Mahabad Branch, Mahabad, Iran. mdaneshwar@yahoo.com 1884

Daneshvar and Aminifar, 2011 Fig. 1: a) Blood glucose concentration and b) Plasma free insulin concentration for normal and diabetic persons (peripheral and intraoral insulin delivery). Fig. 2: Rate of gut oral glucose absorption vs time. 2. Control process model 2.1 An insulin pump control system An insulin pump is a medical system that simulates the operation of the pancreas (an internal organ). The structure of this system is an embedded system, which collects information from a sensor and controls a pump that delivers a controlled dose of insulin to a user. People who suffer from diabetes use the system. Diabetes is a relatively common condition where the human pancreas is unable to produce sufficient quantities of a hormone called insulin. Insulin metabolises glucose (sugar) in the blood. The conventional treatment of diabetes involves regular injections of genetically engineered insulin. Diabetics measure their blood sugar levels using an external meter and then calculate the dose of insulin that they should inject. The problem with this treatment is that the level of insulin required does not just depend on the blood glucose level but also on the time of the last insulin injection. This can lead to very low levels of blood glucose (if there is too much insulin) or very high levels of blood sugar (if there is too little insulin). Low blood glucose is, in the short term, a more serious condition as it can result in temporary brain malfunctioning and, ultimately, unconsciousness and death. In the long term, however, continual high levels of blood glucose can lead to eye damage, kidney damage, and heart problems. Current advances in developing miniaturized sensors have meant that it is now possible to develop automated insulin delivery systems. These systems monitor blood sugar levels and deliver an appropriate dose of insulin when required. Insulin delivery systems like this already exist for the treatment of hospital patients. In future, it may be possible for many diabetics to have such systems permanently attached to their bodies. A software-controlled insulin delivery system might work by using a micro-sensor embedded in the patient to measure some blood parameter that is proportional to the sugar level. This is then sent to the pump controller. This controller 1885

J. Basic. Appl. Sci. Res., 1(10)1884-1889, 2011 computes the sugar level and the amount of insulin that is needed. It then sends signals to a miniaturised pump to deliver the insulin via a permanently attached needle. Fig 3: Adaptive controller applicable in insulin pump control system Figure 3 is an activity model that illustrates how the system transforms an input blood sugar level to a sequence of commands that drive the insulin pump. Clearly, this is a safety-critical system. If the pump fails to operate or does not operate correctly, then the user s health may be damaged or they may fall into a coma because their blood sugar levels are too high or too low. There are therefore two essential high-level requirements that this system must meet: 1. The system shall be available to deliver insulin when required. 2. The system shall perform reliably and deliver the correct amount of insulin to counteract the current level of blood sugar. The system must therefore be designed and implemented to ensure that the system always meets these requirements. More detailed requirements and discussions of how to ensure that the system is safe are discussed in other supporting documents. 2.2 Adaptive used controller Takagi and Sugeno proposed the T-S fuzzy model in 1985. Students called it as Sugeno fuzzy model. The Sugeno fuzzy model is a nonlinear model. It can actualy express the dynamic characteristic of complex systems. Furthermore, it is the fuzzy inference model that is in the most common use. A typical fuzzy rule in a Sugeno fuzzy model has the format: If x is A and y is B, Then z = Where A and B are fuzzy sets in the antecedent; z = is a crisp function in the consequent. When is a first-order polynomial, we have the first-order Sugeno fuzzy model. Consider a first-order Sugeno fuzzy inference system, which contains two rules. Rule 1: If x is and y is Then Rule 2: If x is and y is Then Adaptive controller is created through the concepts of fuzzy sets and the Sugeno fuzzy inference system which imitates the human decision making. The advantage of controller is to immediately calculate output. It is not necessary to create the complex mathematical model. This controller can learn from the sample data such as the input output sets from the system and can adapt parameters inside its network. In this paper we assume that the controller has five layers. In this model, the output of node in layer l is denoted as. Layer 1: Every node i in this layer is an adaptive node with a node function 1886

Daneshvar and Aminifar, 2011 where { } is the parameter set. These are called premise parameters. Layer 2: Every node in this layer is a fixed node, whose output is the product of all the incoming signals. Layer 3: Here, the node calculates the ratio of the rule s firing strength to the sum of all rule s firing strengths. Layer 4: Every node i in this layer is an adaptive node with a node function where is a normalized firing strength from layer 3 and { } is the parameter set of the node. These parameters are referred to as consequent parameters. Layer 5: The single node in this layer is a fixed node, which computes the overall output as the summation of all incoming signals: 3. Comparison Between PID Algorithm and Fuzzy Logic Technique Various therapeutic situations are related to control problems. Although the early medical systems appeared at the same time as the article by Zadeh (1965), there has been little communication between the research fields, but recently this has changed due to the developments in computer systems, and rapid development of the literature searching methods motivated by the internet and the World Wide Web. Many systems are being developed which utilize fuzzy logic and fuzzy set theory. Fuzzy logic control is also an advanced process control, which imitates the logic of human thought, and much less rigid than the calculations computers generally perform. There are three steps for the process of a fuzzy logic algorithm: fuzzification, rules, and defuzzification. In this paper, it is assumed that there are two different inputs of the concentration of glucose and the change rate of Concentration and one output of the change rate of insulin injection. Fuzzy logic controller is designed according to the structure of Mamdani. Fig. 4: Performance of the NFC and PID Controller 1887

J. Basic. Appl. Sci. Res., 1(10)1884-1889, 2011 Fig. 5: The error curves of NFC and PID controller For the aforementioned simulation results, Figure 4 has shown that the Fuzzy Controller has better performance than PID Controller. 5. Conclusion In this paper we have discussed a new method to control insulin in human body. The diabetes management is one of the challenging control problems. We have used Fuzzy controller which is a good choice for nonlinear systems. Simulation results show that the fuzzy controller produces a stable control signal than PID controller which is very important factor for insulin control system. REFERENCES [1] J. H. Karam, G. M. Grodsky, and P. H. Forsham, Excessive insulin response to glucose in obese subjects as measured byimmunochemical assay, Diabetes, vol. 12, pp. 196-204, 1963. [2] H. Ginsberg, J. M. Olefsky, and G. M. Reaven, Further evidence that insulin resistance exists in patients with chemical diabetes, Diabetes, vol. 23, pp. 674-678, 1974. [3] R. Bellazzi,.Electronic management systems in diabetes mellitus: Impact on patient outcomes,. Disease Management & Health Outcomes, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 159.171, 2003. [4] J. M. Bailey and W. M. Haddad,.Drug dosing control in clinical pharmacology,. IEEE Control Systems Magazine, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 35.51, 2005. [5] G.M. Reaven, Insulin-independent diabetes mellitus: metabolic characteristics, Metab. Clin. Exp., vol. 29, no. 5, pp. 445-454, 1980. [6] R.N. Bergman, and C. Cobelli. Minimal modeling, partition analysis, and the estimation of insulin sensitivity, Fed. Proc., vol.39, no. 1, pp. 110-115, 1980 [7] S.W. Shen, G. M. Reaven, and J. W. Farquhar, Comparison of impedance to insulin-mediated glucose uptake in normal and diabetic subjects J. Clin. Invest., vol. 49, pp. 2151-2160, 1970 [8] P. Dua, F.H Doyle III, and E.N. Pistikopoulos, Model-Based blood glucose control for type i diabetes via parametric programming, IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., vol. 53, no. 8, pp. 1478-1491, 2006. [9] N. Hernjak, and F.J. Doyle III, Glucose control design using nonlinearity assessment techniques, IChE J., vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 544 554, 2005. [10] D. Radomski, M. Lawrynczuk, P. Marusak, and P. Tatjewski, Modeling of glucose concentration dynamics for predictive control of insulin administration Biocybernet Biomed Eng, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 41 53, 2010. [11] R.N. Bergman, Y.Z. Ider, C.R. Bowden, and C. Cobelli, Quantitative estimation of insulin sensitivity, Am. J. Physiol., vol. 236, no. 6, pp. E667-E677, 1979. [12] G. Pacini, and R.N. Bergman, MINMOD, A computer program to calculate insulin and pancreatic responsivity from the frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test, Comput. Methods Programs Biomed., vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 113-122, 1986. 1888

Daneshvar and Aminifar, 2011 [13] R.N. Bergman, L.S. Phillips, and C. Cobelli, Physiologic Evaluation of factors controlling glucose tolerance in man, Measurement of insulin sensitivity and cell glucose sensitivity from the response to intravenous glucose, J. Clin. Invest., vol. 68, no. 6, pp. 1456-1467, 1981. [14] R.N Bergman, and J. Urquhart, The pilot gland approach to the study of insulin secretory dynamics, Recent Prog. Horm. Res., vol. 27, pp. 583-605, 1971. [15] M. Nomura, M. Shichiri, R. Kawamori, Y. Yamasaki, N. Iwama, and H. Abe, A mathematical insulin-secretion model and its validation in isolated rat pancreatic islets perifusion, Comput. Biomed. Res., vol. 17, no. 6, pp. 570-579, 1984. [16] T.A. Buchanan, B.E Metzger, N. Freinkel, and R.N Bergman, Insulin sensitivity and B-cell responsiveness to glucose during late pregnancy in lean and moderately obese women with normal glucose tolerance or mild gestational diabetes, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., vol 162, no. 4, pp. 1008-1014, 1990. [17] S.M. Lynch, and B.W. Bequette, Estimation-based model predictive control of blood glucose in type i diabetics: a simulation study, IEEE. Bio. Eng. Conf., 2001, pp. 79 80. [18] M.E. Fisher, A semi-closed loop algorithm for the control of blood glucose levels in diabetes, IEEE. Trans Biomed. Eng., vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 57-61, 1991. [19] S.M. Furler, E.W. Kraegen, R.H. Smallwood, and D.J. Chisholm, Blood glucose control by intermittent loop closure in the basal mode: computer simulation studies with a diabetic model, Diabetes Care, vol 8, no. 6, pp. 553-561, 1985. [20] M.S. Ibbini, M.A. Masadeh, and Amer, M.M.B. A semiclosedloop optimal control system for blood glucose level in diabetics J. Med. Eng. Technol., vol 28, no. 5, p.p. 189-196, 2004. 1889