Practice Question Gabriela s mother practices the authoritative style of parenting. This suggests that Gabriela s mother. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION Motivation Motivation as Drives Purpose or cause of an action Energizes and behavior Emotion Motivation Motivation is within the organism Drives you in a certain direction Need: state of deficiency Drive: psychological state to satisfy a need Fulfilled/Unfulfilled motives cause emotions Homeostasis Equilibrium What about: Knowledge Overeating 1
Optimal Arousal Maslow s Hierarchy of Needs Needs Arousal Behavior More arousal Better performance? Yerkes-Dodson Law Optimal arousal level Some needs take precedence over others Fulfilled later Self-actualization: Need to be and do that which you were "born to do Fulfill your potential (bored) (overload) Fulfilled first Eating: Bottom of Pyramid Biology of Hunger Why do we eat? Hunger Pleasure Social influences What do we eat? Innate preferences Prefer sweet Avoid bitter Learned preferences I m hungry Ghrelin Chemical from stomach Lateral hypothalamus I m full Leptin Hormone from fat cells Ventromedial hypothalamus Damage to this area 2
Obesity: Biological Factors Genetic component Sex: Bottom of Pyramid Brain Hypothalamus (4 Fs) Temporal Lobe Neurotransmitters Dopamine Evolutionary history Food was unreliable Store excess food as fat Crave high-calorie foods Oxytocin Feelings of love; social bonding Hormones Estrogens Androgens Sexual Education Programs Does comprehensive sex education lead to early sexual experimentation? Parental Investment Theory (Robert Trivers) Investment Time, Energy, Risk, Missed mating opportunities Sex with smaller investment seek mating opportunities Sex with larger investment more mating opportunities 3
Sex Differences in Sex Differences in Mate choice Behavior Men more likely to Think about sex more Want more partners Accept sex from stranger Men look for Sign of health and fertility Women look for Intelligence, income, etc. But, women are the choosy sex! Types of Motivation Extrinsic Motivation External reward = money, prize, power, etc. Intrinsic Motivation Engage in an activity for its own sake These activities are their own rewards Work harder on these You can t have your cake and eat it too? Rewarding intrinsically motivated behaviors Experiment: Children and magic markers Some just playing Some playing towards Good player award Rewards take the fun out of it 4
Emotion 1. Behavioral component Characteristic overt expressions 2. Physiological component Bodily arousal Autonomic Nervous System 3. Cognitive component Subjective, personal conscious experience Pleasant Unpleasant Emotions According to Darwin an organism s adaptive response to the environment nonverbal communication "...the young and the old of widely different races, both with man and animals, express the same state of mind by the same movements." Emotions are adaptive Classifying Emotions: Valence and Arousal Fear Survival by avoiding danger Positive valence Positive Affect Humans survive better in social groups Anxiety Guilt Low arousal pleasant relaxation sadness happiness joy fear anger High arousal Embarrassment Negative valence Negative Affect 5
Positive vs. Negative Emotions Behavior: Emotional Expression Negative emotions Prepare for actions Ex. Fight or flight Positive emotions Prepare for actions Broaden-and-build model Observable signs of emotional expression Voice Body language Facial expressions Especially important for humans Basic Emotions 1. Anger 2. Fear 3. Disgust 4. Surprise 5. Happiness 6. Sadness Ekman s Conclusions Evidence for 6 basic emotions with crossculturally recognized expressions does exist emotions are biologically driven Darwin s view of innate emotions was correct 6
Insincere Expressions Facial Feedback Hypothesis We can use emotional expressions for our own purposes To communicate your intentions To manipulate others But some characteristics give us away facial expressions influence our emotional experiences Duchenne vs. Pan-American smiles Real vs. Fake smiles Physiological Component Autonomic arousal Sympathetic Arousal: What does that do again? Does Each Emotion Have a Distinctive Physiological Pattern? Not in an absolute sense (between-persons) But within and individual, yes: Heart Rate Acceleration Skin Conductance Real World Application: Emotions and Lie Detection Polygraph Assumes that lying will make a person feel anxious/nervous arousal Controlled Question Test Usually does better than chance, but Many false positives Can also yield false negatives 7
Problems with Polygraph Test Problems with Polygraph Test 1. Cannot distinguish between various sources of arousal Anger & fear both increase heart rate High rate of false positives 2. People can be trained to regulate their arousal increase arousal during control questions relax during crime-related questions guilty individuals go undetected Experienced polygraphers failed to detect lying students of the time (Kleinmuntz & Szucko, 1984) No spy has been caught by a polygraph test Polygraphs Used to elicit confessions Polygraph evidence not admissible in most American courts A New Method of Lie Detection: Microexpressions Microexpressions occur when people try to conceal or repress how they feel Last 1/25 of a second Paul Ekman s group does consulting for law enforcement and anti-terrorism groups http://www.cio.com/article/facial-expressions-test 8
Body Language of Lying Illustrators - highlight or accentuate speech Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion Physiological response and emotional experience occur simultaneously Manipulators - one body part touches another body part Emblems - convey conventional meanings recognized by members of a culture emotion eliciting event physiological response conscious experience of emotion Neurophysiology of Emotions amygdala: Physiological and behavioral reactions Cognition: Two-Factor Theory Emphasizes the role of cognition in the conscious experience of emotions orbitofrontal cortex: conscious experience of emotion emotion eliciting event physiological response cognitive evaluation conscious experience of emotion 9
Two-Factor Theory Schachter & Singer, 1962 Schachter & Singer s Results euphoria condition informed injection uninformed situation Emotions require physiological arousal attribution anger condition injection situation Misattribution of Arousal Incorrectly identify the source of their arousal Males meet an attractive female interviewer on one of two bridges Dutton & Aron, 1974 sturdy bridge 10