MCCRAE AND COSTA
The five domains: NEUROTICISM Opposite to adjustment or emotional stability General tendency to experience negative affects such as fear, sadness, embarrassment, anger, guilt and disgust is the core of N domain. Also prone to having irrational ideas, to be less able to control impulses, cope more poorly with stress
The five domains: NEUROTICISM Higher scorers are at risk for some kind of psychiatric problems Low scorers on N are usually calm, eventempered, and relaxed Able to face stressful situations without becoming upset or rattled
Sociable The five domains: EXTRAVERSION Assertive, active and talkative They like Excitement and stimulation Cheerful in their disposition Upbeat, energetic and optimistic Usually interested in enterprising occupations On the other hand, according to McCrae and Costa introverts are reserved but not unfriendly They may say they are shy when they prefer to be alone They do not have high spirits like extraverts but that does not mean that introverts are unhappy or pessimistic Costa and McCrae (1989) opposed Eysenck s classification of introverts as introspective. They said that introspection or reflection is the trait of openness to experience.
The five domains: OPENNESS TO EXPERIENCE Active imagination, aesthetic sensitivity, attentiveness to inner feelings, preference for variety, intellectual curiosity, independence of judgment Curious about both inner and outer worlds, Their lives are experientially richer than those of closed individuals They experience both positive and negative emotions more keenly than do closed individuals Moderately associated with intellect They seek good education
Closed people have narrow interests Closed people prefer the familiar over something novel Afraid to question authority On the other hand, open individuals are willing to question authority, prepared to entertain new ethical, social and political ideas Individual scoring high on openness are also high on wisdom
The five domains: AGREEABLENESS Like extraversion, agreeableness is a dimension if interpersonal tendencies. Agreeable personality is fundamentally altruistic Sympathetic to others, eager to help Lower scored on A indicated that they are antagonistic, egocentric, skeptical of others intentions, competitive instead of cooperative Agreeable people are more popular Low A is associated with antisocial, narcissistic and paranoid personality disorder. High score on A is associated with dependent personality disorder (Costa and Widiger, 2002).
The five domains: CONSCIENTIOUSNESS Concerns the control of impulses Inability to resist temptations is a sign of high N scores Conscientious individuals are purposeful, strong willed, determined. Digman and Takemoto-Chock (1981) referred to this domain as will to achieve On a positive side high C is associated with academic and occupational achievement; on the negative side, it may lead to annoying fastidiousness, compulsive neatness, or workaholic behavior
The five domains: CONSCIENTIOUSNESS Conscientiousness is an aspect that was once called character High scorers on C are punctual, reliable Low scorers do not lack in moral principles, but they are less motivated to apply them Low scorers are also shown to be more hedonistic (pleasure seeking) (McCrae, Costa and Busch, 1986)
FACET DIMENSIONS - NEUROTICISM Each of the five domains of BIG Five Model consists of 6 more specific scales that are called the facets NEUROTICISM FACETS In order to be called highly neurotic, one must possess the following 6 traits: ANXIETY fearful, apprehensive, prone to worry, tensed, jittery, free floating anxiety (for no known reason). Low scorers are calm and relaxed. They do not dwell on things that might go wrong ANGRY HOSTILITY high scores - frustration and bitterness. Low scorers are easy going and slow to anger DEPRESSION guilt, sadness, hopelessness and loneliness, easily get discouraged. Low scorers do not experience such emotions
FACET DIMESIONS - NEUROTICISM SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS uncomfortable around others, sensitive, prone to feeling inferiority, shyness, social anxiety IMPULSIVENESS inability to control cravings and urges. Low scorers find easy to resist such temptations VULNERABILITY unable to face stress, cant handle, panic easily, dependent on others for help
FACET DIMESIONS - EXTRAVERSION Warmth interpersonal intimacy, affectionate, friendly, genuinely like people, form close attachments. Low scorers are more formal, reserved and distant Gregariousness preference for other people s company. Low scorers are loners and avoid social stimulation Assertiveness dominant, forceful, speak without hesitation and often become group leaders. Low scorers prefer to keep to the background and others do the talking Activity vigorous movement, sense of energy, need to keep busy, lead fast paced lives. Low scorers are more relaxed in tempo but not sluggish or lazy
FACET DIMESIONS - EXTRAVERSION EXCITEMENT SEEKING they like bright colors, noisy environments. Low scorers feel little need for thrills and refer a life style that high scorers find boring POSITIVE EMOTIONS cheerful, optimistic, laugh often. Low scorers are not unhappy but less high-spirited
FACET DIMESIONS OPENNESS FANTASY vivid imagination, active fantasy life, daydream, elaborate and develop their fantasies and believe that imagination contributes to a rich and creative life AESTHETICS deep appreciation of art and beauty, moved by poetry and art, often experience a chill in response to sudden beauty. Lower scorers are uninterested in art and beauty FEELINGS higher scorers experience differentiated emotional states and feel both happiness and unhappiness more keenly than others do. Low scorers show blunted affect and do not express much feelings
FACET DIMESIONS OPENNESS ACTIONS willingness to try new activities, new places, unusual foods. Prefer variety to routine. Low scorers don t like to change schedule and try the old tried and tested. IDEAS intellectually curious, enjoy philosophical arguments and brain teasers Values readiness to reexamine social, political and religious values. Closed individuals accept authority and honor tradition, are conservative and dogmatic
FACET DIMENSIONS : AGREEABLENESS TRUST they are disposed to believe that others are honest and well intentioned, low scorers are skeptical and cynical and assume that others are dangerous or dishonest STRAIGHTFORWARDNESS frank, sincere, ingenuous. Low scorers are willing to manipulate through flattery, craftiness or deception. ALTRUISM active concern for others, generous, considerate. Low scorers are self centered COMPIANCE tend to forgive and forget, inhibit aggression, meek and mild. Low scorers are aggressive, prefer to compete instead of cooperate
FACET DIMENSIONS : AGREEABLENESS MODESTY humble, self efficient. Low scorers believe they are superior and considered to be arrogant by others. TENDER-MINDEDNESS high on sympathy, moved by others needs. Low scorers are hard headed and less moved by pity. Ex- people cutting chicken at the butcher shop are low on tender mindedness.
FACET DIMENSIONS : CONSCIENTIOUSNESS COMPETENCE sense that one is capable, sensible, effective. High scorers feel well prepared to deal with life. Low scorers have lower opinion of their abilities and admit that they are often unprepared. ORDER neat, tidy, well-organized. Extreme scores indicate tendency for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Low scorers are unmethodical DUTIFULNESS stick to ethical principles, fulfill their moral obligations. Low scorers are casual about such matters and are unreliable or undependable
FACET DIMENSIONS : CONSCIENTIOUSNESS ACHIEVEMENT STRIVING hardworking, purposeful, have a sense of direction in life. low scorers lack ambition, aimless, lazy SELF-DISCIPLINE carry out tasks despite boredom to completion, motivate themselves to get the job done. Low scorers procrastinate, easily distracted and discouraged, not motivated enough DELIBERATION tendency to think carefully before acting. High scorers are cautious and deliberate. Low scorers are hasty and speak or act without considering the consequences