Cellular Respiration
Producers Producers get their energy from the sun. Producers convert this light energy into stored chemical energy (glucose). This process is called photosynthesis.
Consumers Consumers get their energy from the producers. Consumers convert stored chemical energy (glucose) into usable chemical energy (ATP). This process is called cellular respiration.
Cellular Respiration (aerobic) Cellular respiration is the process by which glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) is broken down to release energy for making ATP, another form of chemical energy.
Aerobic Respiration Equation C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 6 H 2 O + 6 CO 2 + ATP food oxygen water carbon (glucose, a carbohydrate) dioxide
Photosynthesis: 6 H 2 O + 6 CO 2 + energy (sun) C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 Aerobic Cellular Respiration: C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 6 H 2 O + 6 CO 2 + energy (ATP)
The BIG Question is Do only animals respire? Or do plants respire too? Only plants perform photosynthesis Plants AND animals perform cellular respiration!
Site of Cellular Respiration Plant and animal cells contain mitochondria: cell structures that transform chemical energy from glucose to ATP.
Significant ATP Production Aerobic cellular respiration releases energy SLOWLY, using oxygen to convert ONE molecule of glucose to 36 ATP! 36 ATP = 263 kilocalories
Cellular Respiration process that releases energy by breaking down glucose molecules in the presence of oxygen. 6O 2 + C 6 H 12 O 6 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + Energy oxygen + glucose carbon dioxide + water + energy
3 Stages make up Cellular Respiration Glycolysis Kreb s Cycle Electron Transport
1st Stage of Cellular Respiration Glycolysis 1 molecule of glucose is broken in half, producing 2 molecules of pyruvic acid (pyruvate) + 2 ATP molecules 10 step process that uses enzymes along the way! Pyruvic acid is a 3 carbon molecule O2 present - it is followed by the Kreb Cycle & the electron transport chain. O2 not present (anaerobic) - it is followed by fermentation.
Section 9-1 Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of a cell Glucose 2 Pyruvic acid Carries energy from glucose bonds in the form of high energy electrons Input - C 6 H 12 O 6 and NAD + (helper molecule) and ADP Output 2 ATP(net) + 2 Pyruvic Acid (Pyruvate) and NADH
2nd Stage of Cellular Respiration Kreb Cycle requires O2 (aerobic) Occurs in mitochondrial matrix Pyruvic acid (pyruvate) is broken down into CO2 which is released into the air. Molecules made to carry highenergy electrons to the electron transport chain
The Krebs Cycle Citric Acid Production Inputs - Pyruvic Acid (NAD +, FAD, ADP, CoA) Outputs CO 2 + 2 ATP + CoA and high energy electron carrying products (NADH, FADH 2 ) NAD +, FAD and CoA helper molecules
3 rd Stage of Cellular Respiration Electron Transport uses high-energy electrons from the Krebs cycle to make ATP. Majority of ATP comes from this stage! Occurs in the membrane of mitochondria Inputs O 2, (NADH, FADH 2 from Kreb s Cycle contain the energy from the glucose molecule) Outputs ATP + H 2 O
Electron Transport Chain Input O 2 and (NADH, FADH 2 ) Output ATP, H 2 O (NAD+, FAD) Electron Transport Hydrogen Ion Movement Channel Intermembrane Space ATP synthase Inner Membrane Matrix Electron Transport Chain Concentration gradient (of H ions) provides the Potential Energy to produce ATP via the enzyme ATP synthase
Cellular Respiration (aerobic) Glucose + O 2 Glycolysis + Krebs + Electron Transport ATP +CO 2 + H 2 O
Cellular Respiration Inputs and Outputs Stage Occurs in this Location Inputs Output (intermediat e) Output Totals Glycolysis Cytoplasm C 6 H 12 O 6 (glucose) 2 ATP + 2 Pyruvic Acid + NADH 2 ATP Kreb s Cycle Mictocondria Matrix 2 Pyruvic Acid 2 ATP + CO2 + NADH + FADH 2 2 ATP + CO 2 Electron Transport Chain TOTALS Mitochondrial Membrane NADH + FADH 2 + O 2 32-34 ATP + H 2 O 32-34 ATP + H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 H 2 O + CO 2 + 36-38 ATP (energy)
Electron Transport Chain
Comparing Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration Photosynthesis removes CO2 & puts O2 back into air. 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + light(energy) C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 Cellular Respiration removes O2 & puts CO2 back into air. 6O2 + C 6 H 12 O 6 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + Energy (ATP) Respiration and Photosynthesis are OPPOSITE reactions
Photosynthesis in chloroplasts Sunlight (Energy) Oxygen (O 2 ) Glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) Water (H 2 0) Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 )
Respiration in mitochondria Oxygen (O 2 ) ATP (Energy) Water (H 2 0) Glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 )
Sunlight (Energy) ATP (Energy) Oxygen (O 2 ) Oxygen (O 2 ) Glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) Water (H 2 0) Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) Glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) Respiration/Photosynthesis
Cellular Respiration (anaerobic, No O 2 is present) - Fermentation Energy is released from glucose when oxygen is NOT available. allows organisms to continue to produce energy until oxygen is available.
2 Types of Fermentation Lactic Acid fermentation in muscles during rapid exercise when the body can t supply enough O2 to the tissues; without oxygen, the body isn t able to produce the ATP required. Buildup causes pain & soreness. Alcoholic fermentation yeasts & a few other microorganisms; causes bread dough to rise.
Lactic Acid Fermentation No O 2 is present Kreb s Cycle and Electron transport chain can t proceed Glucose lactic acid + 2 ATP EX: muscle cells during strenuous exercise fermenting cheese, yogurt, sour cream
Domino effect a lack of oxygen, the electron transfer chain cannot pass on their electrons Oxygen Electron transfer chain cannot accept electrons from NADH and FADH 2 (from Kreb s cycle) electron carriers are locked holding onto electrons, causing a depletion of NAD+ and FAD+ Neither Kreb s cycle or glycolysis proceeds.
Lactic Acid Fermentation Glucose Pyruvic acid Lactic acid 2 ATP + Lactic acid are produced
Alcoholic Fermentation No O 2 present Energy for yeast and other microorganisms Kreb s cycle and Electron transport chain don t proceed Glucose ethanol + CO 2 + 2 ATP EX: baking bread with yeast, fermenting wine & beer
Fermentation vs. Respiration Respiration Produces CO 2 + H 2 O + 36 to 38 ATP Process includes Glycolysis, Kreb s cycle and Electron Transport chain Fermentation Produces CO 2 (in alcoholic only) and 2 ATP Process includes Glycolysis followed by Fermentation Breaks glucose into lactic acid or ethanol