Psychology II Regular Semester Exam Review 1) What is the difference between positive and negative reinforcement? 2) Describe Pavlov s classical conditioning study with his dogs. 3) What is an unconditioned stimulus? 4) What is a conditioned stimulus? 5) What is an unconditioned response? 6) What is a conditioned response? 7) Describe Watson s experiment with Little Albert. 8) What is a fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement? 9) What is a variable-interval schedule of reinforcement? 10) What is a fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement? 11) What is a variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement? 12) What is generalization? 13) What is discrimination (in terms of learning)? 14) What is shaping? 15) What is observational learning? 16) Describe Albert Bandura s experiment with the Bobo dolls? 17) What is conformity? 18) Describe factors that influence the likelihood of conformity (e.g. group size, unanimity, etc.) 19) What is the fundamental attribution error? 20) What is self-serving bias? 21) What is social facilitation? 22) What is social loafing? 23) What is diffusion of responsibility? 24) What is group polarization? 25) What is the bystander effect? 26) What is altruism? 27) What are factors that are known to promote altruistic behavior? 28) Describe Zimbardo s prison guard experiment. 29) What are gender roles? 30) What is gender identity? 31) What are gender stereotypes? 32) What hormone is most associated with aggressive behavior? 33) Describe Stanley Milgram s study on obedience. 34) What is the difference between elaborative rehearsal and maintenance rehearsal? 35) What is encoding? 36) What is storage? 37) What is retrieval? 38) What is the primacy effect? 39) What is the recency effect? 40) What is a schema? 41) Describe the effects of schema on memory reconstruction. 42) Describe Elizabeth Loftus s research on memory reconstruction. 43) What is sensory memory (include duration)? 44) What is short-term memory (include capacity and duration)? 45) What is long-term memory (include capacity and duration)? 46) What is state-dependent memory? 47) Describe levels of processing theory. 48) What is semantic encoding? 49) What is functional fixedness? 50) What is the difference between phonemes and morphemes?
51) What is overregularization? 52) What is overextension? 53) What is the availability heuristic? 54) What is the representative heuristic? 55) Evaluate the use of algorithms in problem solving? 56) What is a prototype?
57) What is inductive reasoning? 58) What is deductive reasoning? 59) What is a symbol? 60) What is a concept? 61) How are night terrors different from nightmares? 62) What is REM sleep? 63) What effects does cocaine have on its users? 64) What is LSD? 65) What effects does heroin have on its users? 66) Describe biopsychological theories of dreaming. 67) What is narcolepsy? 68) What is sleep apnea? 69) What is insomnia? 70) What is circadian rhythm? 71) What is hypnosis? 72) What are emotions? 73) What is the opponent process theory of emotion? 74) What is the James-Lange theory of emotion? 75) What is the Canon-Bard theory of emotion? 76) Describe research on facial expressions. 77) What is homeostasis? 78) Describe each level of Maslow s hierarchy of needs. 79) What is the lateral hypothalamus and what would a lesion to this part of the brain cause in rats? 80) What is the ventromedial hypothalamus and what would a lesion to this part of the brain cause in rats? 81) What is a drive? 82) What is achievement motivation? 83) What is extrinsic motivation? 84) What is intrinsic motivation? 85) What is kinesthesis? 86) What is the vestibular sense? 87) What is size constancy? 88) What is color constancy? 89) What are binocular depth cues and what are examples of binocular depth cues? 90) Describe how characteristics of sound waves affect sound (e.g. amplitude, frequency, purity)? 91) Describe how characteristics of light waves affect vision (e.g. amplitude, wavelength, purity)? 92) What is visual acuity? 93) What is sensory adaptation? 94) What is the retina? 95) What is the pupil? 96) What is the blind spot? 97) What are neurotransmitters? 98) Describe the process of neural transmission (how a signal is sent from one neuron to another). 99) What is dopamine? 100) What is serotonin? 101) What are endorphins? 102) What is the function of the pituitary gland? 103) What is the function of the adrenal glands? 104) What is the function of Broca s area?
105) What is the cerebrum? 106) What does the hypothalamus control? 107) What does the hippocampus control? 108) What is an electroencephalograph (EEG)? 109) What is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)? 110) What are the functions of the reticular activating system?