Nervous System, Neuroanatomy, Neurotransmitters Neurons Structure of neurons Soma Dendrites Spines Axon Myelin Nodes of Ranvier Neurons Structure of neurons Axon collaterals 1
Neurons Structure of neurons Synapse Presynaptic Postsynaptic Membrane potential Resting membrane potential Ions Sodium (Na + ) Potassium (K + ) Calcium (Ca 2+ ) Chloride (Cl - ) Ion channels Ion Pumps Electrical gradient Membrane potential Ion channels Ion Pumps Electrical gradient 2
Action potential Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) Electrotonicconduction Voltage-gated ion channels Spike-triggering zone Axon hillock Action potential Depolarization Threshold of excitation Repolarization Equilibrium potential Hyperpolarization Refractor period Chemical Transmission Vesicles Neurotransmitters Excitatory Inhibitory Conditional Inactivation of neurotransmitters 3
Chemical Transmission Neurotransmitters Neurotransmitter Glutamate GABA Acetylcholine (Ach) Dopamine (DA) Norepinephrine (NE) Serotonin Endogenous Opioids Anandamide (endogenous cannabinoid) Primary Effects Primary excitatory Neurotransmitter Primary inhibitory Neurotransmitter Muscular contraction Control hippocampus Facilitate movement, Attention & learning Increases vigilance & Controls REM sleep Regulates mood, eating, sleep, arousal Reduce pain, reinforce behavior Analgesia, nausea reduction, appetite Drugs that Interact w/ Neurotransmitter Alcohol Effects of the Drug Desensitization of NMDA Receptor Barbiturates, Alcohol, Desensitization of GABA-A Receptor Tranquilizers Botulinum Toxin, Blocks release of Ach Nicotine Stimulates Ach receptor Amphetamine, Cocaine, Inc. Dopamine synthesis Antipsychotics, Prozac, LSD Inhib. Dopamine reuptake Block Dopamine receptors Heroin, Morphine Naloxone THC Inhibit serotonin reuptake Stim. serotonin receptors Stimulate opioid receptors Block opioid receptors Stimulated cannabinoid receptors Glial Cells(neuroglial cells) Astrocytes Microglial cells Oligodendrocytes 4
Nervous System Central Nervous System (CNS) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System (CNS) Central Nervous System (PNS) Dura matter Nucleus Layer Cerebral Cortex Nervous System Cerebral Cortex White matter Gray matter Tracts Commissures Corpus Callosum 5
Anatomical Directions Lateral-medial Anterior-posterior Dorsal-ventral Anatomical Sections/Planes Coronal (frontal, transverse) Horizontal (axial) Sagittal Brainstem Medulla Pons Cerebellum Midbrain 6
Diencephalon Thalamus Hypothalamus Pituitary Gland Telencephalon Limbic System Hippocampus Amygdala Basal Ganglia Cerebral Cortex Cerebral Cortex Sulci Gyri Two Hemispheres Corpus Callosum 7
Cerebral Cortex Four Lobes Frontal Parietal Temporal Occipital Central Sulcus Sylvian (lateral) fissure Cytoarchitectonics Korbinian Brodmann Brodman Areas Functional Divisions of the Cortex Frontal Lobe Motor Areas Prefrontal cortex Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) 8
Functional Divisions of the Cortex Parietal Lobe Somatosensory areas Topographical mapping Homunculus Somatotopy Functional Divisions of the Cortex Occipital Lobe Visual Processing Areas Striate cortex (V1) Extrastriate areas Functional Divisions of the Cortex Temporal Lobe Auditory processing areas 9
Image References http://humanphysiology.academy/neurosciences%202015/chapter%201/p.1.3p%20neurone%20micro.html https://droualb.faculty.mjc.edu/course%20materials/physiology%20101/chapter%20notes/fall%202007/chapter_7%20fall%202007.htm https://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/psych-chapter-3/deck/12232144 https://cnx.org/contents/73d8f8a7-46a3-4a3a-9afa-970f2f03deb3@3/neurons-and-glial-cells http://s-f-walker.org.uk/optionintranet/brodmann.html http://www.flanderstoday.eu/innovation/ku-leuven-discovers-brain-process-responsible-gripping http://www.slideshare.net/shahnazsyeda/frontal-lobe-functions-and-assessmeny-20th-july-2013 10