209 Lesson 14.1: Learning the Key Terms Directions: Place the letter of the best definition next to each key term. 1. collecting duct 2. distal convoluted tubule 3. glomerulus 4. nephron 5. nephron loop 6. proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) 7. renal corpuscle 8. renal cortex 9. renal medulla 10. renal pelvis 11. renal tubule 12. urinary system 13. vasa recta A. a cluster of capillaries around the end of a renal corpuscle B. a funnel-shaped cavity in the center of the kidney where urine collects before it flows into the ureter C. a tube that collects urine from several nephrons and carries it to the renal pelvis D. the part of the nephron between the glomerular capsule and the nephron loop; minerals, nutrients, and water are reabsorbed from the filtrate here E. thin-walled blood vessels that begin and end near the boundary between the renal cortex and the renal medulla, and which extend deep into the renal medulla, running parallel to the nephron loops; play a role in the formation of concentrated urine F. the organs involved in the formation, storage, and excretion of urine; includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra G. the lighter-colored, outer layer of the kidney that contains the glomeruli and convoluted tubules H. the part of a nephron that consists of a glomerular capsule with its included glomerulus I. the part of a nephron that leads away from a glomerulus and empties into a collecting tubule; consists of a proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, and distal convoluted tubule J. the U-shaped part of the nephron that is between the proximal convoluted tubule and the distal convoluted tubule; has a descending limb and ascending limb; loop of Henle K. the last part of a nephron through which urine flows before reaching the collecting duct L. the fundamental excretory unit of each kidney M. the darker, innermost part of the kidney
210 1. List the major organs and structures of the urinary system. 2. What functions do the kidneys perform? 3. How does the kidney s control of water volume in the body affect the blood? 4. What hormones do the kidneys make? 5. How does the location of the kidneys offer protection? 6. What is the indentation on the medial surface of the kidney where blood vessels and nerves enter the organ called? 7. Why do the renal artery and renal vein have a large diameter? 8. What is the ureter s job? 9. What is the function of the nephrons? 10. What are the two main parts of a nephron? Lesson 14.1: Study Questions Directions: Answer the questions below on a separate sheet of paper. Studying the answers will help you prepare for the chapter test. 11. As blood passes through the capillaries in kidneys, where does much of the blood plasma end up? 12. What are the three main sections of the renal tubule? 13. Where do the collecting ducts ultimately drain into? 14. How does blood circulation through the kidneys differ from blood circulation in other organs in the body?
211 Lesson 14.1: Urinary System Anatomy Directions: Label the figure with the letter of the appropriate callouts from the list provided. 1. 2. 8. 9. 3. 4. 5. 10. 11. 12. 6. 7. 13. 14. 15. A. renal hilum F. urinary bladder I. renal artery M. inferior vena cava B. esophagus (cut) G. kidney J. kidney N. hepatic veins (cut) C. urethra D. adrenal gland E. renal vein H. uterus (part of female reproductive system) K. abdominal aorta L. ureter O. rectum (cut)
212 Lesson 14.1: Nephron Structure Directions: Label the figure with the letter of the appropriate callouts from the list provided. 1. 2. 3. 8. 4. 9. 7. 6. 5. 15. 10. 11. 12. 14. 13. A. thick ascending limb of nephron loop E. peritubular capillaries I. distal convoluted tube (DCT) M. glomerulus and podocytes B. afferent arteriole C. vasa recta D. glomerular capsular space F. thin ascending limb of nephron loop G. efferent arteriole H. podocyte J. descending limb of nephron loop K. collecting duct L. glomerular capsule N. proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) O. beginning of proximal convoluted tubule
213 Lesson 14.2: Learning the Key Terms Directions: Use the terms listed below to fill in the sentence blanks. aldosterone angiotensin antidiuretic hormone (ADH) atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) detrusor diuresis external urethral sphincter glomerular filtration rate (GFR) hydrostatic pressure internal urethral sphincter micturition osmosis osmotic pressure reabsorption renin secretion trigone ureter urethra urinary bladder 1. The movement of water and dissolved substances from the filtrate (in a renal tubule) back into the blood is. 2. The is the triangular region of the bladder formed by the two ureteric orifices and the internal urethral orifice. 3. The hollow, muscular organ that stores urine is the. 4. A peptide hormone secreted by the atria of the heart, promotes excretion of sodium and water and lowers blood pressure. 5. The is a layer of smooth muscle located at the inferior end of the bladder and the proximal end of the urethra; it prohibits release of urine, and is under involuntary control. 6. A steroid hormone produced in the adrenal cortex, regulates salt and water balance in the body by increasing the amount of sodium reabsorbed from urine. 7. is the active movement of substances from the blood into the filtrate, which will become urine. 8. The smooth muscle that forms most of the bladder wall and aids in expelling urine is the. 9. The pressure exerted by a liquid as a result of its potential energy is. 10. The movement of water molecules from a region of low osmotic pressure to a region of high osmotic pressure is named. 11. A peptide hormone secreted by the pituitary gland, constricts blood vessels, raises blood pressure, and reduces excretion of urine. 12. is the total amount of water filtered from the glomerular capillaries into the glomerular capsule per unit of time; usually measured in milliliters per minute. 13. An enzyme made and secreted by the kidneys, aids in the production of angiotensin. 14. Urine excretion is another term for. 15. The thin tube that connects the urinary bladder to the outside environment is named the. 16. is the scientific term for what is commonly called urination. 17. A ring of skeletal muscle, the surrounds the intermediate part of the urethra where it passes through the urogenital diaphragm. 18. The is a duct through which urine travels from the kidney to the bladder. 19. is a pressure created by the presence of dissolved substances in water. 20. A polypeptide hormone in the blood, constricts blood vessels and increases blood pressure.
214 1. What is the first step in removing wastes and toxins from the body? 2. List the three processes involved in urine formation. 3. Where does filtration occur? Describe this process. 4. Water and small molecules can cross the filtration membrane. What kinds of substances cannot cross? 5. What is the glomerular filtration rate? 6. How does hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus capillaries differ from those in the rest of the body? 7. What is osmotic pressure? 8. In terms of directional force, how are hydrostatic and osmotic pressure different? 9. What is the body doing to reduce urine output and keep blood volume high during exercise? 10. Where does most reabsorption occur? 11. What structure contains the fluid that will eventually be eliminated from the body as urine? What is the process of pushing waste molecules into the lumen called? 12. Why does the blood become less concentrated as it travels up the vasa recta? 13. What are the three key hormones that control the fine tuning of urine volume and composition? Where does this occur? 14. Which hormone is released when blood volume is too high? 15. Why are diuretic drugs sometimes prescribed for patients with weak or failing hearts? 16. Where is the urinary bladder located? 17. What is a moderate amount of urine a bladder can contain and what seems to be the limit a bladder can hold? 18. Which tube leads to the outside of the body? 19. Why are we able to control our release of urine? 20. What is the Valsalva maneuver? Lesson 14.2: Study Questions Directions: Answer the questions below on a separate sheet of paper. Studying the answers will help you prepare for the chapter test.
215 Lesson 14.2: Male and Female Urinary Structures Directions: Label the figure with the appropriate callouts from the list provided. Note that external urethral orifice should be used twice. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 15. 16. B. Female A. Male 14. bladder neck detrusor muscle external urethral orifice external urethral orifice external urethral sphincter intermediate part of the urethra internal urethral sphincter peritoneum prostate prostatic urethra rugae trigone of bladder ureter ureteral orifices urethra urogenital diaphragm
216 Lesson 14.3: Learning the Key Terms Directions: Place the letter of the best definition next to each key term. 1. chronic kidney disease 2. creatinine 3. hemodialysis 4. kidney stone 5. osmotic diuresis 6. peritoneal dialysis 7. renal dialysis 8. urine specific gravity 9. urinalysis 10. urinary tract infection (UTI) A. a condition defined by evidence of kidney damage or a glomerular filtration rate less than 60 milliliters per minute for at least three months B. a normal by-product of muscle metabolism; it is produced by the body at a fairly steady rate and is freely filtered by the glomerulus C. a procedure for removing metabolic waste products from the body; blood is withdrawn from an artery, pumped through a dialyzer, and then returned to the patient through a vein D. the removal of wastes from the blood by artificial means E. a renal dialysis method that uses the patient s peritoneum to filter fluids and dissolved substances from the blood F. a solid crystalline mass that forms in the kidney and may become stuck in the renal pelvis or ureter; usually made of calcium, phosphate, uric acid, and protein G. an infection of the urethra, bladder, ureters, and/or kidney, usually caused by bacteria that enter the urethra at its outside opening H. the density (mass per unit volume) of urine, divided by the density of pure water I. an increase in urine production caused by high osmotic pressure of the glomerular filtrate, which pulls more water into the filtrate J. laboratory analysis of urine to test for the presence of infection or disease
217 1. Why is blood analysis essential for evaluating the function of kidneys? 2. What is the normal color of urine? 3. If urine is not yellow, what are some other substances that can cause discoloration? 4. When urine is said to be more concentrated, what does that mean in terms of its contents? 5. How much urine do we typically produce in a day? 6. What percentage of urine is composed of water? 7. What is the most common way to estimate the GFR? 8. When the term diabetes is used alone, which form of the disease is the speaker referring to? 9. What characterizes diabetes mellitus? 10. In diabetes mellitus, what happens to glucose in relation to the filtrate and the renal tubule of the kidney? 11. How does diabetes insipidus affect urine output? 12. How is chronic kidney disease defined? 13. What is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease? 14. What is the standard which defines renal failure? 15. What can be done for victims of renal failure? 16. What are the two kinds of dialysis? 17. What do kidney stones usually consist of? Lesson 14.3: Study Questions Directions: Answer the questions below on a separate sheet of paper. Studying the answers will help you prepare for the chapter test. 18. What causes urinary tract infections, and where do they start?
218 Chapter 14: Researching Careers Directions: There are many careers related to the urinary system. Using Internet resources such as the online Occupational Outlook Handbook, research the following careers associated with the urinary system. What are the educational requirements for each job? Are specific undergraduate courses required? Is an associate s or bachelor s degree adequate, or is graduate or professional school also necessary? What skills or abilities might benefit a person working in each career? What are the average salaries and future prospects in each area? Career Related or Required Courses Degree Required Necessary Skills and Abilities Projected Salary Job Outlook Diabetes Educator Home Health and Personal Care Aide Renal Dietitian Renal Nurse Transplant Surgeon Urologist If you had to select one of these occupations, which one would you choose and why?
219 Chapter 14 Lab Investigation: Urinary System Purpose In this activity you will draw the components of a nephron and identify the activities that take place in each. You will also identify the components of the urine storage systems for males and females. Materials your textbook Procedure The Nephron 1. Draw the components of the nephron in this order: afferent arteriole, podocyte, efferent arteriole, glomerular capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct. 2. Next, draw peritubular capillaries around the convoluted tubules and the nephron loop. 3. Label your nephron drawing with the components listed in #1. Urine Storage and Elimination from the Body B. Female A. Male
220 1. Label the drawing with the following components, which are common to both: ureter, bladder, bladder neck, detrusor muscle, trigone of bladder, internal urethral sphincter, external urethral sphincter, urogenital diaphragm, and the external urethral orifice. 2. Then label the drawing with the components that are specific to the male and the female. In the male drawing, label the prostate, intermediate part of the urethra, and prostatic urethra. Label the urethra for the female. Conclusions 1. A nephron contains the following areas. List the process or processes (filtration, reabsorption or secretion) that occur in each one. A. glomerulus B. proximal convoluted tubule C. distal convoluted tubule D. collecting duct 2. List the names of the two types of nephrons. A. B. 3. What is the difference between the two types of nephrons? 4. Where is urine produced and which structures act as the plumbing that carries the urine from this site to the bladder? 5. In males, the urethra passes through which gland? What are the functions of this gland? 6. Use the illustration you labeled in the Urine Storage and Elimination section above to explain why urinary tract infections are more common in women than in men.
221 Chapter 14 Practice Test Completion: Carefully read the following statements. Write the term that completes the statement in the spaces provided. 1. The are the main organs of the urinary system. 2. Collecting ducts ultimately drain into the. 3. Pressure exerted by a liquid as a result of its potential energy is. 4. Most kidney stones usually consist of. 5. Laboratory analysis of urine to test for the presence of infection or disease is called. True/False: Indicate whether each statement below is true or false by circling either T or F. T F 6. A ureter is a passageway from rectum to bladder. T F 7. The urinary bladder is located in different positions for men and women. T F 8. Red and white blood cells are too large to cross the filtration membrane in urine formation. T F 9. Diabetes mellitus is the most common cause of urinary tract infections. T F 10. Each nephron in the kidney has its own blood supply. Multiple Choice: Circle the correct answer. 11. How much of the blood pumped by the heart do the kidneys receive? A. 0.5% C. 20 to 25% B. 5% D. 35 to 40% 12. What do the kidneys regulate in the blood? A. red blood cell count B. white blood cell count 13. What is the second process in urine formation? A. filtration B. osmosis 14. What is the standard which defines renal failure? A. when GFR (glomerular filtration rate) decreases to 15 milliliters per minute or less B. when GFR (glomerular filtration rate) decreases to 60 milliliters per minute or less C. ph and saltiness D. plasma flow C. reabsorption D. secretion C. when the bladder can hold 1,000 milliliters D. when the kidney starts secreting the hormone renin 15. To qualify as chronic kidney disease, signs must continue for at least how long? A. 16 hours C. 3 months B. 21 days D. 9 months
222 Matching: Match each key term to its definition by writing the letter of the definition in the space provided. 16. reabsorption 17. distal convoluted tubule 18. hemodialysis 19. diuresis 20. ureter 21. glomerulus 22. nephron 23. glomerular filtration rate (GFR) 24. creatinine 25. secretion A. the fundamental excretory unit of each kidney B. this is another term for urine excretion C. the last part of a nephron through which urine flows before reaching the collecting duct D. a normal by-product of muscle metabolism; it is produced by the body at a fairly steady rate and is freely filtered by the glomerulus E. a duct through which urine travels from the kidney to the bladder F. the active movement of substances from the blood into the filtrate, which will become urine G. a procedure for removing metabolic waste products from the body; blood is withdrawn from an artery, pumped through a dialyzer, and then returned to the patient through a vein H. the total amount of water filtered from the glomerular capillaries into the glomerular capsule per unit of time; usually measured in milliliters per minute I. a cluster of capillaries around the end of a renal corpuscle J. the movement of water and dissolved substances from the filtrate (in a renal tubule) back into the blood Art Labeling: Locate each of the following items on the drawing by placing the corresponding letter on the blanks provided. 26. renal column A. 27. ureter 28. renal cortex 29. frontal section through the kidney 30. renal medulla B. C. G. 31. renal pelvis 32. renal pyramid in renal medulla D. H. 33. fibrous capsule 34. hilum 35. papilla of pyramid E. I. F. J. Short Answer: Answer the following questions using what you have learned in this chapter. 36. How does blood circulation through the kidneys differ from blood circulation in other organs in the body? 37. Identify the three hormones that are responsible for regulating urine volume and composition. Describe how each hormone affects the function of the urinary system.