Reproductive System
Reproductive System: Male Produces new life Same types of organs for males and females Gonads, or sex glands Male organs located mainly outside of body
Testes The male gonads Located in scrotum Produce sperm Produce testosterone
Seminal Ducts and Vesicles Epididymis Vas deferens Seminal vesicles Ejaculatory ducts Prostate gland Urethra
Prostate Gland and Cowper s Glands Prostate gland fluid protects sperm and helps them move Cowper s glands fluid helps sperm survive lubricates urethra to help semen move
Penis External male reproductive organ Caries urine and semen Deposits semen into the female vagina
Reproductive System: Female Produces new life Gonads, or sex glands Female organs are located mainly within the body
Ovaries Female gonads Produce ova, which are stored in follicles Produce hormones estrogen and progesterone Ovulation
Fallopian Tubes Located above the ovaries Ovum is swept into one of the two fallopian tubes by fimbriae The fallopian tubes are also attached to the uterus. Cilia guide ovum to uterus. Fertilization usually takes place in the fallopian tubes.
Uterus After fertilization, uterus provides for development and growth of fetus Three parts: Fundus Corpus Cervix Three layers of uterine wall: Endometrium Myometrium Perimetrium
Vagina Muscular tube that connects cervix to outside of body Passageway for menstrual flow and childbirth Female organ for intercourse
Vulva Vulva includes: Mons pubis Labia majora Labia minora Other external structures include: Clitoris Bartholin s glands Perineum
Breasts Accessory organs to the female reproductive system Contain fatty tissue and a system of ducts that produce milk and transport it to the nipples.
Diseases and Disorders of the Reproductive System Infertility Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Infertility Infertility is the inability to conceive or produce a child. Some causes may be damage to the fallopian tubes, low sperm count, and an imbalance of hormones. Delaying childbearing until later years may also be a factor. TREATMENT Surgery may be used in the case of blocked tubes. Fertility drugs may be used to correct hormone levels and increase the production of sex cells. In artificial insemination, sperm is placed directly in a woman s uterus or fallopian tube. In in vitro fertilization (IVF), eggs (ova) are removed and combined with sperm outside the body. When the egg is fertilized, it is transferred to the uterus in the female.
Sexually Transmitted Disease Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are passed on to others primarily through sexual contact and exchange of body fluids. People who are sexually active with multiple partners are at the highest risk for contracting these diseases. Using condoms provides some protection from these diseases. In most cases of STDs, all sexual partners should be treated. Some examples of STDs include the following: Acquired immune deficiency syndrome Chlamydia Gonorrhea Herpes 2
AIDS Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The virus attacks the body s immune system and greatly weakens its ability to fight off infections and diseases. Eventually it leads to death. The HIV virus does not live long outside of the body, and it is not spread by casual contact. People infected with HIV can remain free of symptoms for many years. When symptoms do appear, they include lack of resistance to infections, weight loss, fatigue, and skin rashes. There is no cure for AIDS at this time. Treatment involves a combination of drugs to slow the disease.
Reproductive Cancers Prostate cancer Ovarian cancer Breast cancer Testicular cancer Reproductive cancers. Common due to the rapid cell division nature of reproductive tissues.
Urinary System
Urinary System The urinary system consists of two kidneys, two ureters, one bladder, and one urethra. It performs these functions: Filters blood to remove wastes from it Excretes wastes from the body Helps maintain the body s acid-base balance
Kidneys Two bean-shaped organs on either side of the vertebral column. Two layers: Hilum cortex medulla
Nephrons Tiny structures in the kidneys that are made up of: Glomerulus Bowman s capsule Convoluted tubules Collecting tubules
Ureters and Bladder Ureter attached to each of the two kidneys. muscular tube uses peristalsis to move the urine to the bladder Bladder hollow, muscular sac receives and stores urine
Urethra Carries the urine from the bladder out of the body. Urinary meatus external opening of the urinary system Different in males and females.
Conditions Affecting Urination Anuria No urinary output Oliguria Below normal urinary output Polyuria Above normal urinary output
Conditions affecting urination Glycosuria Glucose in the urine Hematuria Blood in the urine Pyuria Pus in the urine
Conditions affecting urination Nocturia Urination at night (bedwetting is nocturnal enuresis) Dysuria Painful or difficult urination Retention Inability to empty the bladder Incontinence Lack of voluntary control over urination
Renal Calculus Renal Calculus formed when uric acid and calcium salts from the urine clump together. The exact cause is not known, but low fluid intake and large doses of vitamins may lead to kidney stones being formed. The stone may block an area of the kidney or the ureter.
Cystitis Cystitis is an inflammation of the bladder. It can by caused by many types of bacteria, which get into the urinary tract. In most cases, the bacteria are transferred from the rectal and vaginal areas into the urethra.