Animal Anatomy and Physiology Part 2 By : ARI WIBOWO, S.Pt.,M.Si & SUHARDI, S.Pt.,MP
Digestive System Ruminant System Rumen Largest compartment Food is soaked, mixed. Microorganisms ferment the feed. Carbohydrates are absorbed by the papillae. Small fingerlike projections that aid in absorption
Digestive System Ruminant System Reticulum Hardware stomach Due to large mouth they collect hardware Wire form fence Rocks Etc
Digestive System Ruminant System Reticulum Secretes mucus Honeycomb shaped Traps hardware from traveling to the rest of the digestive system.
Digestive System Ruminant System Reticulum Regurgitation Packs feed into an egg shaped ball to be rechewed. (CUD)
Digestive System Ruminant System Omasum Size of a quarter to enter. Round Soccer Ball Many Folds Like a round book Grinds the food as it passes through.
Digestive System Ruminant System Abomasum True stomach Functions the same as the monogastric Intestines are the same as monogastric.
Digestive System Function: Animal takes in food Digested in to a form that the body can use. Basic elements Oxygen, Iron, Potassium, etc
Pathway of Digestion 1. Food enters the mouth and swallowed down the esophagus. 2. Food enters the rumen and starts to digest by micro-organisms. 3. Food is regurgitated back to the mouth and is chewed (Called a Cud). 4. Chewed food is then swallowed into the reticulum. 5. Food then goes into the omassum or true stomach.
6. Food then passes into the abomasum. 7. Food enters the small intestines where valuable nutrients are absorbed. 8. Any food that is not absorbed enters the large intestines for more absorption. 9. All un-absorbed feed is then passed to the outside through the rectum.
02-0211-03-01-09 Ruminant Digestive System Test File: 45-60
Indicator: 02-0211-03-01-10 Poultry Digestive System
Species of Poultry Chicken Turkey Goose Duck Pigeon Peacock
Poultry Digestive System The digestive system is somewhat different from mammals. The mouth lacks teeth and lips. Instead, the beak serves to bite off food. Barbs on the tongue help food to be moved backwards, so it can be easily swallowed. The esophagus forms a pouch, called a crop, where food is stored for brief time periods.
Poultry Digestive System From the crop, food moves down into the true stomach, or proventriculus, where hydrochloric acid and pepsin starts the process of digestion. Next, food moves into the gizzard, which is oval shaped and thick walled with powerful muscles. The chief function of the gizzard is to grind or crush food particles - a process which is aided by the bird swallowing small amounts of fine gravel or grit.
Poultry Digestive System It is written that the muscles of a turkey s gizzard can crush a hickory nut, which requires 75 kg mechanical pressure! From the gizzard, food moves into the duodenum. The small intestine is similar to mammals, there are two blind pouches or ceca, about 4-6 inches in length at the junction of the small and large intestine.
Poultry Digestive System The large intestine is short, consisting mostly of the rectum about 3-4 inches in length. The rectum empties into the cloaca and feces are excreted through the vent.
Indicator: 02-0211-03-01-11 Poultry Digestive System Test Index: 45-61
Indicator: 02-0211-03-01-12 Simple Stomach Digestion
Digestive System Monogastric Simple stomach One compartment Pigs Horse Dog Cat Humans
Digestive System Function: Animal takes in food Digested in to a form that the body can use. Basic elements Oxygen, Iron, Potassium, etc
Digestive System Monogastric Mouth Grind down food Esophagus Push food to stomach Muscles move food down
Digestive System Monogastric Stomach Muscles Contacts and relaxes Food pressed together Digestive juices secreted by the stomach lining. Hydrochloric Acid
Digestive System Monogastric Stomach Food is dissolved from movement and acid.
Digestive System Monogastric Small Intestine Duodenum Secreted from pancreas Breaks down proteins, starch and fats. Juices still secreted to break down food.
Digestive System Monogastric Small Intestine Jejunum Nutrients absorbed into the body From intestine to blood stream. Villi Semi-Permeable membrane Particles pass through.
Digestive System Monogastric Large Intestine Cecum Not used in most monogastrics
Digestive System Modified Monogastric System Horse Uses cecum to digest roughage
Digestive System Monogastric Large Intestine Colon Storage of waste Water is removed
Digestive System Monogastric Rectum Muscle that passes waste out of the body.
Indicator: 02-0211-03-01-13 Simple Stomach Digestive System Test Index: 45-62
Indicator: 02-0211-03-01-14 Modified Digestion System Horse File: 45-63
Indicator: 02-0211-03-01-15 Modified Digestion and Test File: 45-63
Indicator: 02-0211-03-01-16 Circulatory System File: 45-64
Circulatory System
Function of the Heart Transports Water Oxygen Wastes Regulates Temperature Removes Disease
Circulatory System Heart Center of the circulatory system Large muscle Pumps continuously
Circulatory System Blood Vessels Arteries Vessels that take blood away from the heart Veins Vessels that return blood to the heart
Circulatory System Capillaries Connect arteries and veins Deliver nutrients to the cells Take away waste
Circulatory System Red Blood cells Give blood color Carry oxygen White Blood cells Destroy disease Pus
Circulatory System Four Chambers Right Atrium Receives blood into heart from body, from veins Right Ventricle Pumps blood out to the lungs Left Atrium Receives blood into heart from lungs Left Ventricle Pumps blood out into body via arteries
Veins Lungs Right Atrium Right Ventricle Left Atrium Left Ventricle Arteries
Indicator: 02-0211-03-01-17 Circulatory System Test Index: 45-64
Indicator: 02-0211-03-01-18 Nervous System
Nervous System Function: Central system Motor Control Sensation
Nervous System Nerves Long fiber like structures Motor Neurons Controls impulses sent from the brain To other parts of the body
Nervous System Sensory Neurons Send impulses from the body to the brain. Spinal Cord All nerves are connected Runs through the backbone (vertebra)
Nervous System Brain Center of the nervous system Divided into 3 sections
Nervous System Brain 1. Cerebrum Largest Controls thought process Ouch!
Nervous System Brain 2. Cerebellum Coordinator center for the cerebrum Many movements are required to walk, eat, etc
Nervous System Brain 3. Medulla oblongata Involuntary activities Heart beat Digestion Breathing Body Temp. Feeling Fear or Thirst
Nervous System Brain Stem Connects the spinal cord to the cerebrum.
02-0211-03-01-19 Nervous System Test File: 45-65
Indicator: 02-0211-03-01-20 Endocrine System
Endocrine System Function: Composed of glands that secrete hormones. Hormones: Chemical agent that causes an effect in the body. Hormones control vital function of the body. Growth Reproduction
Endocrine System Pituitary Gland: Located at the base of the brain Master gland Functions Growth of bone Maternal Behavior Reproduction cells
Endocrine System Hypothalamus Links the Endocrine with the nervous system. Location Under the lower front part of the brain Secretes hormones for: Hunger Sleep Body Temp
Endocrine System Adrenal Gland Located by Kidney Adrenalin Times of stress Thyroid Gland Front of wind pipe Controls rate of digestion Storage of calcium
Endocrine System Pancreas Below the stomach Produces Insulin and glucagons Regulates the amount of glucose in the blood stream
Excretory System Function: Rid the body of wastes Kidney Remove urea and nitrogen Filtrates liquids ingested. Wastes are flushes out the urinary tract.
Indicator: 02-0211-03-01-21 Endocrine System Test File: 45-66
Indicator: 02-0211-03-01-22 Standard 02-0211-03-01 Test