Name: Period: Reading Guide Chapter 3: Consciousness & the Two-Track Mind 1. When did the concept of consciousness begin to reemerge in the field of psychology? Explain why. Include all three explanations proposed by the author. 1 2. How is consciousness defined today? The Brain and Consciousness (pp. 86-91) Before reading SURVEY pp. 86 91. Look at the pictures, tables, cartoons, read any quotations and anything else in the margins. A QUESTION to consider BEFORE you read pp. 86-91: What is the dual processing being revealed by today s cognitive neuroscience? READ The Brain and Consciousness (pp. 86-91) 1. Which is faster, serial or parallel processing? What is the difference between these types of information processing? 2. Describe selective attention. 3. The cocktail party effect is an example of selective attention. Give an example to illustrate this phenomenon. 4. Describe the current research on cell phones & selective attention. What have researchers found? 5. What is inattentional blindness? Describe Ulric Neisser, Robert Becklen, & Daniel Cervone s research that demonstrates this effect. 8. Change blindness is a form of inattentional blindness. Describe change blindness by using the example from the text.
2 REHEARSE: STOP! Look at this question again. Recite your answer aloud. Check yourself by going back to your answers in this reading guide and/or go back and reread your textbook. Make sure you can answer this questions. #1: What is the dual processing being revealed by today s cognitive neuroscience? Do you recognize these key terms? Put a star (*) by the ones you don t recognize. Go back to your reading guide or the textbook and make sure you can identify & explain them. Consciousness Cognitive neuroscience Dual processing Selective attention Cocktail party effect Inattentional blindness Change blindness Biological Rhythms & Sleep (pp. 92-107) Before reading SURVEY pp. 92 107. Look at the pictures, tables, cartoons, read any quotations and anything else in the margins. A QUESTION to consider BEFORE you read pp. 92-93: How do our biological rhythms influence our daily functioning and our sleep and dreams? READ Biological Rhythms and Sleep (pp. 92-93) 1. What is a circadian rhythm? 2. Describe how the brain controls the circadian clock. Which parts of the brain and endocrine system are involved? How does it work? What hormone is involved? Be specific. A QUESTION to consider BEFORE you read pp. 93-97: What is the biological rhythm of our sleep? READ Sleep stages (pp. 93-97) 1. How long does it take for you to pass through 1 cycle of 5 distinct sleep stages? 2. What did researcher Eugene Aserinsky discover? Describe what happens during this stage of sleep.
3 3. Describe the methods used by Kleitman & Aserinsky to study the sleep stages. Be detailed and specific. 4. What does an EEG measure? 5. When you are awake, but very relaxed, what type of brain waves are seen on the EEG? How are they described? 6. When you enter Stage 1 sleep, you may experience hallucinatory experience, called hypnagogic sensations. The text describes a few examples, describe one. 7. During Stage 2 sleep, the EEG shows bursts of rapid, rhythmic brain-wave activity called. 8. During Stage 2 sleep, are you easily or difficulty to be awakened? How long does Stage 2 last? 9. During Stages 3 & 4, EEG s show what type of brain waves? How are they described? How long do Stages 3 & 4 last? 10. During which sleep stage are you MOST likely to experience sleeptaking, sleepwalking, or bedwetting? 11. After completing sleep stage 4, do you go immediately in REM sleep? Explain. 12. How come you don t act out REM dreams? What s happening in the brain? Be specific. 13. Why is REM sleep called paradoxical sleep? 14. How do dreams differ in REM and NREM (Stages 1, 2, 3, 4) sleep?
4 15. How does the sleep cycle change throughout the night? What stages disappear? What stages lengthens? 16. Is it true that everyone needs 8 hours of sleep? Explain. Be specific contrasting people at different ages. A QUESTION to consider BEFORE you read pp. 97-100: How does sleep loss affect us? READ The Effects of Sleep Loss (pp. 97-100) 1. Psychologists have discovered a treatment that strengthens memory, increases concentration, boosts mood, moderates hunger and obesity, fortifies the disease-fighting immune system, and lessens the risk of fatal accidents! What is it? 2. Typical teens are getting how much sleep a night? How much do teens typically need? 3. According to William Dement a large sleep debt makes you stupid. Specifically how does Dement believe sleep deprivation impacts students? Be specific. 4. Sleep deprivation can impact many areas of our lives. The text discusses many of these. List 5. 5. Look at Table 3.1 on p. 99. Are you getting the sleep you should? What were your results? A QUESTION to consider BEFORE you read pp. 100-101: What is sleep s function? READ Sleep Theories (pp. 100-101) 1. The author discusses 5 reasons for why we sleep. List them.
5 A QUESTION to consider BEFORE you read pp. 101-103: What are the major sleep disorders? READ Sleep Disorders (pp. 101-103) 1. Recurring problems falling asleep or staying asleep is the main symptom of: a) sleep apnea b) insomnia c) night terrors d) somnambulism 2. Which of the following is bad advice for a person trying to overcome insomnia? a) Avoid taking short naps during the day. b) Do not use an alarm; sleep as long as you can in the morning. c) Drink a glass of milk fifteen minutes before bedtime. d) Eat a piece of toast fifteen minutes before bedtime. 3. An insomniac would most likely experience: a) impaired concentration and a depressed immune system. b) increased episodes of sleep apnea. c) longer periods of stage 2 sleep, and less stage 1 sleep. d) longer episodes of restorative sleep, but less protected sleep due to increased REM episodes. 4. Sleep apnea results in: a) difficulty falling asleep at night, causing sleep deprivation. b) not being able to breathe at times during sleep. c) trauma to the hypothalamus. d) uncontrollable sleeping attacks, especially when the person gets excited. 5. Sleep apnea is usually caused by a) mental stress b) alcohol or other drugs d) fatigue e) something blocking the airway 6. During a heated argument with his teenage daughter, Mr. Reid suddenly lapsed into a state of REM sleep. Mr. Reid apparently suffers from: a) insomnia b) narcolepsy c) REM rebound d) sleep apnea 7. Compared to adults, children are to experience night terrors. a) less likely b) expected c) more likely d) not likely A QUESTION to consider BEFORE you read pp. 103-105: What do we dream? READ Dreams (pp. 103-105) 1. How do REM dreams differ from day dreams?
6 2. Freud referred to the storyline of our dreams as the. 3. Is it possible that external stimuli can be incorporated into our dreams? Explain Dement & Worlpert s research to illustrate. 4. Why don t sleep apnea patients recall the episodes when they awaken and gasp for air? A QUESTION to consider BEFORE you read pp. 105-107: What is the function of dreams? READ Why We Dream (pp. 103-105) 1. Describe Freud s theory of why we dream. Be sure to use the terms manifest and latent content. 2. How do researchers view Freud s dream theories? Explain. 3. How are dreams information processing? Describe one research finding that demonstrates this theory. 4. What physiological function to dreams serve? 5. Describe Hobson s activation synthesis model of dreaming. 6. Some researchers believe that dreams reflect brain maturation and cognitive development? Describe one piece of evidence that supports this view. 7. How does the phenomenon of REM rebound demonstrate that we need REM sleep? Explain.
REHEARSE: STOP! Look at these questions again. Recite your answers aloud. Check yourself by going back to your answers in this reading guide and/or go back and reread your textbook. Make sure you can answer these questions. #1: How do our biological rhythms influence our daily functioning and our sleep and dreams? #2: What is the biological rhythm of our sleep? #3: How does sleep loss affect us? #4: What is sleep s function? #5: What are the major sleep disorders? #6: Why do we dream? #7: What is the function of dreams? 7 Do you recognize these key terms? Put a star (*) by the ones you don t recognize. Go back to your reading guide or the textbook and make sure you can identify & explain them. Circadian rhythms EEG Kleitman & Aserninsky Alpha waves Stage 1: hypnagogic sensations Stage 2: sleep spindles, theta waves Stages 3 & 4: delta waves Stages 3 & 4: pattern in a typical night s sleep REM: beta waves REM: pattern in a typical night s sleep Impact of sleep deprivation Insomnia Narcolepsy Sleep apnea Night terrors Dreams Manifest content Latent content Hobson s Activation-synthesis model REM rebound Hypnosis (pp. 108-112) Before reading SURVEY pp. 108 112. Look at the pictures, tables, cartoons, read any quotations and anything else in the margins. A QUESTION to consider BEFORE you read pp. 108-112: What is hypnosis and what powers does a hypnotist have over a hypnotized subject? READ Hypnosis (pp. 108-110) 1. Is a hypnotist using some magical, mind-control power over his/her subjects? Explain. 2. What percentage of people is highly hypnotizable? What characteristics do such people share? 3. Define hypnotic susceptibility.
8 4. Virtually anyone will experience hypnotic responsiveness if led to it. 5. Should testimony obtained under hypnosis be admissible in court? Explain your response using evidence from the text. 6. Can hypnosis force people to act against their will? Use evidence from Orne & Evan research to answer this question. Be specific and use evidence from the text. 7. What is posthypnotic suggestion? 8. Treatment using hypnosis has mixed results. Hypnosis seems more helpful in the treatment of what problems? Which appear least helpful? 9. Describe how ice baths are used to determine if hypnosis works as a way to alleviate pain. A QUESTION to consider BEFORE you read pp. 110-112: Is hypnosis an extension of normal consciousness or an altered state? READ Explaining the Hypnotized State (pp. 110-112) THEORIES of HYPNOSIS: Fill in the blanks in comparing these two different theories of hypnosis Social Influence Theory Divided-Consciousness Theory Researcher primarily associated with this theory (hint your 40 Studies summer reading): Researcher primarily associated with this theory:
9 Answer the following question from this perspective: Do people consciously fake hypnosis? Explain using evidence from the text. Answer the following question from this perspective: Are subjects merely playing out the role of a good subject when hypnotized? Explain using evidence from the text. A hypnotized subject was asked to place her arm in a painfully cold ice bath, but showed no pain. How might a social-influence supporter explain this result? Use the following term in your answer: role playing. A hypnotized subject was asked to place her arm in a painfully cold ice bath, but showed no pain. She was asked to press a key if some part of her felt the pain. She did. How might a divided-consciousness proponent explain this result? Use the following terms in your answer: dissociation and selective attention. REHEARSE: STOP! Look at this question again. Recite your answer aloud. Check yourself by going back to your answers in this reading guide and/or go back and reread your textbook. Make sure you can answer these questions. #1: What is hypnosis and what powers does a hypnotist have over a hypnotized subject? #2: Is hypnosis an extension of normal consciousness or an altered state? Do you recognize these key terms? Put a star (*) by the ones you don t recognize. Go back to your reading guide or the textbook and make sure you can identify & explain them. Hypnosis Hypnotic induction Posthypnotic suggestions Social influence theory Nicholas Spanos Divided Consciousness theory Ernst Hilgard Dissociation Selective attention
10 Drugs and Consciousness (pp. 112-126) Before reading SURVEY pp. 112 126. Look at the pictures, tables, cartoons, read any quotations and anything else A QUESTION to consider BEFORE you read pp. 112-114: What is tolerance, dependence, and addiction and what are some common misperceptions about addiction? READ Drugs & Consciousness AND Dependence & Addiction (pp. 112-114) 1. Define psychoactive drugs. 2. Define the following terms: a) tolerance: b) withdrawal: c) physical dependence: d) psychological dependence: e) addiction: A QUESTION to consider BEFORE you read pp. 114-117: What are depressants, and what are their effects? READ Psychoactive Drugs & Depressants (pp. 114-117) Alcohol Depressant drugs Describe physical effects Describe psychological effects Barbiturates (tranquilizers)
11 Opiates (morphine & heroin) A QUESTION to consider BEFORE you read pp. 121-122: What are hallucinogens, and what are their effects? READ Hallucinogens (pp. 121-122) Hallucinogens Describe physical effects Describe psychological effects LSD Marijuana A QUESTION to consider BEFORE you read pp. 123-124: Why do some people become regular users of consciousness-altering drugs? READ Influences on Drug Use (pp. 123-124) 1. Provide TWO research findings that supports the idea that some people are biologically vulnerable to particular drugs. 2. Provide TWO research findings that supports the idea the psychological and social-cultural influences contribute to drug use. 3. What do the findings on drug use suggest for drug prevention and treatment programs? What 3 channels of influence seem possible?
Near Death Experiences (pp. 126-128) Before reading SURVEY pp. 126 128. Look at the pictures, tables, cartoons, read any quotations and anything else in the margins. A QUESTION to consider BEFORE you read pp. 126-128: What are near-death experiences, and what is the controversy over their explanation? READ Near-Death Experiences (pp. 126-128) 1. What evidence supports a physiological explanation of the near-death experience? Provide 3. 12 2. Does your understanding of mind-brain science and your personal philosophy or faith incline you toward acceptance or denial or the near-death experience? Explain. REHEARSE: STOP! Look at this question again. Recite your answer aloud. Check yourself by going back to your answers in this reading guide and/or go back and reread your textbook. Make sure you can answer these questions. #1: What are tolerance, dependence, and addiction, and what are some common misperceptions about addiction? #2: What are depressants, and what are their effects? #3: What are stimulants, and what are their effects? #4: What are hallucinogens, and what are their effects? #5: Why do some people become regular users of consciousness-altering drugs? #6: What are near-death experiences, and what is the controversy over their explanation. Do you recognize these key terms? Put a star (*) by the ones you don t recognize. Go back to your reading guide or the textbook and make sure you can identify & explain them. Psychoactive drugs Tolerance Withdrawal Physical dependence Psychological dependence Addiction Depressants Alcohol (understand physical & psychological effects for each drug listed) Barbiturates (tranquilizers) Opiates (morphine & heroin) Stimulants Amphetamines/methamphetamine Caffeine Nicotine Cocaine Esctasy (MDMA) Hallucinogens LSD Marijuana Biological, Psychological, & Social- Cultural influences on drug use Near-death experiences