Practice Test: Topics 6, 11 and Option D [144 marks] 1. What is a feature of the human circulatory system? A. The wall of the right ventricle of the heart is the thickest of the four chambers. B. The pulmonary artery and vena cava both carry deoxygenated blood. C. Valves are found in arteries and veins but not capillaries. D. Epinephrine acts on the pacemaker to reduce heart rate. 2. Which describes the secretion of hormones in the pancreas in response to low levels of glucose in the blood? A. Secretion of glucagon from α cells B. Secretion of glucagon from β cells C. Secretion of insulin from α cells D. Secretion of insulin from β cells 3. Which hormone shows the greatest fall in blood concentration just before menstruation? A. FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) B. LH (luteinizing hormone) C. Progesterone D. Estrogen 4. In which region of the kidney is the glomerulus found? A. Cortex only B. Medulla only C. Cortex and medulla D. Pelvis 5. What is an example of active immunity? A. Antibodies passed from the mother to fetus across the placenta B. Antibodies produced by another organism and injected to protect against a disease C. Antibodies passed from the mother in colostrum during breastfeeding D. Antibodies produced after the defence mechanisms have been stimulated by antigens 6. What is the function of the epididymis in the male reproduction system? A. To stimulate sperm production by secreting testosterone B. To store the sperm in the final stages of maturation C. To provide fluids to nourish the sperm D. To transport the sperm from the testes to the urethra 7. From where is human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) secreted in early pregnancy? A. Embryo B. Corpus luteum C. Ovary D. Pituitary gland 8. What are functions of the stomach, small intestine and large intestine?
9. The graph shows a correlation between the number of new cases of stomach cancer and vegetable consumption for women in Poland. What can be stated from the graph? A. Vegetable consumption causes stomach cancer B. 68 % of the data are gathered around the trend line C. Causality cannot be stated from the graph alone D. Only that the correlation is positive 10. The image shows the male reproduction system. Where is prostate cancer likely to start developing? A. In X only B. In Y and Z only C. In Z only D. In X, Y and Z 11. What is a role of the coronary arteries? A. To supply information about blood temperature to the hypothalamus B. To supply the heart muscle with oxygen and nutrients C. To carry blood away from the heart D. To monitor blood ph 12. What characterizes type I diabetes? A. It can be controlled by diet alone. B. Risk factors such as obesity increase its frequency. C. The alpha cells of the pancreas are destroyed, usually during adulthood. D. The beta cells of the pancreas are destroyed, usually during childhood. 13. What happens when human body temperature rises during exercise? A. The arterioles move closer to the skin. B. The hypothalamus decreases cell respiration. C. The skin capillaries close up. D. The water from sweat evaporates to cool the body.
14. What is the main role of nerves in human movement? A. To cause muscles to stretch B. To move joints C. To transport pain signals that indicate muscle injuries D. To stimulate muscle contraction 15. Which letter correctly identifies the medulla? 16. Which event takes place during normal fertilization? A. The acrosome fuses with the egg membrane. B. The entire sperm cell enters the egg cytoplasm. C. The egg divides to form a blastocyst. D. The cortical granules fuse with the egg membrane. 17. Which enzyme is amylase? 18. What is the state of the atrio-ventricular and semilunar valves when the left ventricle contracts?
What are the conditions of the blood travelling through the pulmonary vein? 19. Immediately after an action potential, which event causes the neuron membrane to repolarize? 20. A. Voltage-gated sodium channels open. B. Voltage-gated potassium channels open. C. Voltage-gated calcium channels close. D. Voltage-gated potassium channels close. 21. What is a characteristic of type II diabetes? A. Liver cells are less sensitive to insulin. B. Insulin is no longer produced. C. α cells in the pancreatic islets are destroyed. D. β cells in the pancreatic islets are destroyed. What is the function of LH (luteinizing hormone) in the menstrual cycle? 22. A. Development of follicles in the ovary B. Repair of the uterus lining following menstruation C. Stimulation of ovulation D. Preparation of the uterus for implantation Which ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum when a skeletal muscle fibre contracts? 23. A. Sodium B. Potassium C. Calcium D. Chloride What is the role of ATP during contraction of a skeletal muscle fibre? 24. A. To uncover the myosin binding sites on actin filaments B. To make cross-bridges between actin and myosin filaments C. To break cross-bridges and re-set myosin heads D. To cover the myosin binding sites on actin filaments 25. In a healthy kidney which of these substances would you expect to find in the tubular fluid entering the loop of Henle? I. Glucose II. Sodium ions III. Proteins A. I only B. I and II only C. II only D. II and III only
Where are structures I, II and III found in the human body? 26. What initiates an action potential along a neuron? 27. A. Potassium and sodium ions diffuse out of a neuron. B. Potassium and sodium ions diffuse into a neuron. C. Neurotransmitters cause depolarization of membrane. D. Acetylcholinesterase breaks down acetylcholine. Why does shivering occur? 28. A. The body cannot control muscles when they become cold. B. Shivering informs the brain that the body is too cold. C. Shivering generates heat and raises body temperature. D. The body diverts blood away from skin reducing heat loss. What is the function of thrombin in the process of blood clotting? 29. A. It acts as a catalyst. B. It criss-crosses the wound to trap blood cells. C. It changes from a soluble protein to an insoluble fibrous protein. D. It releases clotting factors from platelets. 30. Which of the following events form the basis of immunity upon which the principle of vaccination is based?
31. Where is human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) produced? A. Ovary B. Anterior pituitary C. Embryo D. Posterior pituitary What changes occur in the thorax of a mammal when the external intercostal muscles and diaphragm muscles contract? 32. A. Pressure increases and volume decreases. B. Pressure and volume both increase. C. Pressure and volume both decrease. D. Pressure decreases and volume increases. Oral contraceptives taken by women contain the hormone progesterone. How does this prevent pregnancy? 33. A. It stops menstruation. B. It inhibits the secretion of FSH. C. It blocks the fallopian tubes (oviducts). D. It stimulates the production of estrogen. 34. Which label represents the lacteal? 35. The diagram shows a feedback pathway. Which sequence is an example of the pathway?
36. What structures are indicated on the diagram? 37. LH causes the rupture of a follicle and release of an egg cell. What is this process called? A. Conception B. Fertilization C. Menstruation D. Ovulation What effect does HIV have on the immune system? 38. A. It prevents leucocytes from fighting bacteria by phagocytosis. B. It causes excessive production of leucocytes in bone marrow. C. It destroys antibodies produced by leucocytes. D. It lowers the number of leucocytes, reducing antibody production. 39. What is a feature of alveoli? A. They occur in all animals because they are needed for gas exchange. B. They have a higher oxygen concentration than air in the atmosphere to increase the rate of diffusion. C. They have walls that are one cell thick for faster diffusion. D. They are small so keep the gases inside them more concentrated. 40. What is a characteristic of axons in motor neurons? A. When there is a resting potential, the outside of the axon is negative relative to the inside. B. During an action potential, Na + ions diffuse out of the axon. C. K + ions diffusing out of the axon repolarizes it. D. Impulses in the axon travel towards the cell body.
41. Which types of immunity are acquired by each of the following actions? 42. What would result from drinking large quantities of water? 43. Which of the following are controlled by homeostasis? I. Blood ph II. Water balance III. Blood glucose concentration A. I and II only B. I and III only C. II and III only D. I, II and III 44. What is an important function of the lacteal in the villus? A. Secretion of mucus B. Secretion of enzymes C. Transport of glucose D. Transport of fats 45. How is epinephrine (adrenaline) carried to the pacemaker of the heart and what effect does it have on heartbeat rate?
The diagram below shows the human digestive system. 46. In which parts of the digestive system are most water and glucose absorbed? 47. What is a similarity between arteries and capillaries? A. They both have elastic tissue. B. They both have smooth muscle cells. C. Neither has collagen fibres in their walls. D. Neither has valves. What is the direction of flow of oxygenated blood during a heartbeat? 48. A. left atrium semilunar/aortic valve left ventricle pulmonary vein B. pulmonary vein left atrium left ventricle semilunar/aortic valve C. left atrium left ventricle semilunar/aortic valve pulmonary vein D. pulmonary vein left atrium semilunar/aortic valve left ventricle 49. The concentration of which hormone peaks sharply triggering ovulation? A. FSH B. LH C. Estrogen D. Progesterone
What is a difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis? 50. Which element or ion is required for transmission of a nerve impulse? 51. A. Phosphorous B. Sodium C. Sulfur D. Iron 52. A structure has a thin epithelium of one cell layer and contains a lacteal and blood capillaries. It has protein channels and mitochondria to aid absorption. What is this structure? A. Alveolus B. Gastric gland C. Pancreas D. Villus 53. Celiac disease causes the destruction of the villi cells. Which of the following is most likely to happen to people with celiac disease? A. Incomplete digestion of fats B. Poor absorption of calcium C. Increased levels of glucose in blood D. Damage in the esophagus caused by increase in acid content of the stomach What is a blastocyst? 54. A. An unfertilized egg surrounded by follicle cells B. An unfertilized egg cell expelled by menstruation C. The follicle when it has swelled up with fluid D. The embryo when it has become a hollow ball of cells 55. What is clonal selection? A. Production of memory B cells B. Production of a group of identical organisms C. Passive immunity as a result of inoculation with antibodies D. Mitotic division of B cells activated in response to an infection 56. The diagram shows the nephron in a kidney. Which labelled part is permeable to sodium and not to water?
57. The diagram shows the adult female reproductive system. Which label shows the cervix and which shows the usual site of fertilization? 58. Which is the correct sequence of stages in fertilization? 59. Where does most assimilation take place? A. In cells B. In the mouth C. In the small intestine D. In the large intestine Which term describes the phase of rapid entry of sodium ions (Na + ) into an axon during an action potential? 60. A. Active transport B. Depolarization C. Ion pumping D. Repolarization 61. What occurs in the body after the injection of a vaccine containing antigens? A. Activated B-cells divide to form memory cells. B. The receiver of the vaccine develops passive immunity. C. Helper T-cells produce specific antibodies. D. Macrophages are cloned and destroy the antigen. 62. What happens immediately after the penetration of the egg membrane by a sperm during fertilization? A. The acrosomal reaction B. The secondary oocyte develops C. The blastocyst divides by mitosis D. The cortical reaction
Which hormone increases in concentration in the mother s blood during early pregnancy? 63. A. ADH B. FSH C. HCG D. LH 64. What is the role of ligaments in humans? A. Linking bones together at a joint B. Preventing friction at a joint C. Contracting to move a joint D. Attaching muscles to bones 65. Between which structures do sensory neurons carry nerve impulses? A. From effectors to the central nervous system (CNS) B. From effectors to receptors C. From receptors to effectors D. From receptors to the central nervous system (CNS) Define pathogen. 66a. Explain antibody production. 66b. [3 marks] 66c. Explain why antibiotics are effective against bacterial diseases but not against viral diseases. [2 marks] Draw a labelled diagram of the human heart showing the attached blood vessels. 67a. [6 marks] Describe the action of the heart in pumping blood. 67b. [5 marks] Nerves connecting the brain and heart contain neurons that control heart rate. Explain how a nerve message passes from one 67c. neuron to another neuron. [7 marks] Compare the processes of spermatogenesis and oogenesis 68a. [8 marks] Describe the consequences of the potential overproduction of offspring. (hint from me: if you're just thinking about humans, you're 68b. doing it wrong) [5 marks] Explain how skeletal muscle contracts. 69a. [8 marks] Active skeletal muscle requires a good supply of oxygen. Outline the mechanism of ventilation in the lungs. 69b. [6 marks] 70a. State two symptoms of type II diabetes. [2 marks] Explain the causes and consequences of phenylketonuria (PKU). 70b. [4 marks]
For children suffering from persistent asthma, budesonide may be used in inhalers to suppress airway inflammation. This therapy may continue for many years, so its long-term effect on growth was studied. One thousand children were randomly assigned to receive either budesonide or a placebo, a neutral substance used as the control, and were monitored until adulthood. The graph shows the difference in height between the group who received the drug and others who received the placebo (the control group). The same treatment group was measured at the start of the treatment period, four times during the treatment period and then once again about eight years later. State the mean height difference between the budesonide group and the placebo group at the start of the study. 71a. The mean age for starting the treatment was nine years. Suggest a reason for the choice of this age. 71b. Describe the effect of budesonide on the mean difference in height, during the period of treatment. 71c. [2 marks] 71d. Evaluate the long-term after-effect of budesonide treatment on height. [2 marks] Suggest one significant shortcoming in the data. 71e. Water and minerals are essential in the human diet. List two other types of nutrient in a human diet. 72a. 1:................................................................... 2:................................................................... Outline the benefits of using iodine as a dietary supplement. 72b. [2 marks] 73. Evaluate the health consequences of a diet rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids. [2 marks] 74a. Outline the importance of fibre as a component of a balanced diet. [3 marks] Distinguish between minerals and vitamins. 74b. Outline factors that can lead to an individual becoming obese. 75a. [3 marks] Amino acid polarity is an important factor in determining the functions of proteins. Explain the importance of polar and non-polar 75b. amino acids in membrane proteins. [3 marks] International Baccalaureate Organization 2018 International Baccalaureate - Baccalauréat International - Bachillerato Internacional Printed for Eugene International High School