ormone Insulin (51 amino acid heterodimeric peptide Major Metabolic ontrol ormones Second Receptor Mechanism messenger Tyrosine hosphorylated proteins decreased cam Gene transcription Target tissues adipose, pancreas, many others Glucagon (29 amino acid peptide G-protein coupled cam Sometimes gene transcription Liver, pancreas ortisol (steroid Transcription factor Altered level of specific mra Gene transcription early all Epinephrine (tyrosine derivative G-protein coupled (at least four types cam decreased cam I hydrolysis adipose, brain, pancreas, cardiovascular Growth hormone (191 amino acid protein ytokine family cell surface Tyrosine I hydrolysis Sometimes gene transcription adipose; others mediated by IGF-I
Regulation of Liver Metabolism athway Regulatory Stimulators Inhibitors Glycolysis Gluco (igh plasma glucose hosphofructo AM yruvate AM, Fructose- 1,6-bisphosphate Gluconeogenesis hosphoenolpyruvate carboxy TA ycle Fatty acid Ketone body holesterol urine yrimidine Fructose 1,6- bisphosphatase Glucose-6- phosphatase yruvate itrate, ketone bodies, AT, phosphoenolpyruvate AT, alanine AM ormones (all via altered [F2,6b] ormones levels oa, AD, AD, pyruvate, a 2 Acetyl-oA, AD, AT yruvate carboxylase Acetyl-oA AD itrate synthase Isocitrate -ketoglutarate synthase phosphorylase Glutamate arbamoyl phosphate synthetase I AD, (TA cycle intermediates AD, a 2 itrate, Long chain acyl-oa, AT, AD, succinyl-oa AT, AD a 2 AT, AD, succinyl-oa, GT Glucose-6- phosphate AM, AT AD AD AD AT, GT, AD exose monophosphate Urea cycle -acetylglutamate (substrate itrate Long-chain acyl-oa Acetyl-oA carboxylase MG-oA synthase Acetyl-oA MG-oA reductase Ribose-phosphate pyrophospho R glutamyl amidotransferase arbamoyl phosphate synthetase II Aspartate transcarbamoylase R AT, R holesterol, bile acids Adenine, Guanine and Thymine nucleotides Adenine and Guanine nucleotides Uridine nucleotides, GT T
athway Glycolysis rotein rotein Regulatory Glucose transporter (GLUT 4 exo hosphofructo synthase hosphorylase Transcription and translation initiation rotease activation Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Metabolism Stimulators (Muscle contraction AM, (Muscle contraction Glucose-6- phosphate, low levels a 2, AM Inhibitors itrate, ketone bodies, AT a 2, AM, AT ormones (change amount in plasma membrane ormones levels Growth hormone Androgens athway Glycolysis Triacylglycerol Triacylglycerol Regulatory Glucose transporter (GLUT 4 exo hosphofructo Lipoprotein lipase Glycerol phosphate acyltransferase ormone-sensitive lipase Regulation of Adipose Tissue Metabolism Stimulators AM, (Muscle contraction (high VLDL, chylomicrons Inhibitors itrate, ketone bodies, AT (low glycerol phosphate levels ormones (change amount in plasma membrane ormones levels
xidative hosphorylation and hoto-phosphorylation (AT synthase (AD 2 (AT 2 2 Inorganic phosphate G = 30.5 kj/mol 2 2 Substrate-Level hosphorylation (yruvate 2 (AD 2 3 2 2 G = 31.7 kj/mol yruvate hosphoenolpyruvate (AT 2 2 hosphoglycerate Succinyl-oA synthetase AT Buffers (AD 2 2 (AD 2 2 Adenylate G = 2.0 kj/mol (AT 2 2 Adenosine Monophosphate 2 (AM 2 (AD 2 2 3 hosphocreatine reatine G = 12.6 kj/mol 3 2 reatine (AT 2 2
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