Metabolic Energy Part 2 الفريق الطبي األكاديمي Done By :- Shady Soghayr Corrected By :- Rasha Rakan لكية الطب البرشي البلقاء التطبيقية / املركز 2022 2016/
Metabolic Energy Page 1
Metabolic energy For aa bb G = G + RTln(*B+b/*A+a) For aa + cc bb + dd G = G + RTln,(*B+b*D+d)/(*A+a*C+c}) G = G + RTln(,Products-/,Reactants)} Page 2
For A <=> B If ΔG is negative, A->B is favored If ΔG is positive, B-> A is favored If ΔG is 0, B-> A and A-> B are equally favored At ΔG = 0, the system is at equilibrium Muscle Energy *Creatine Kinase is an enzyme that is important for the phosphorylation of creatine to creatinephosphate. *It's substrates are Creatine and ATP and its products are creatine phosphate and ADP. *creatine phosphate is a storage molecule for energy. Page 3
*creatine kinase has 3 isoenzymes: One of them is found in the heart (HH) and one is found in the brain and one is found in any tissue. *creatine kinase isoenzymes are used to diagnose the myocardial infarctions (if it leaks from the heart its concentration in the blood circulation will increase in myocardial patients). *in any muscles problem like muscle dystrophy (if there is any muscle injury the creatine isoenzyme (MM) will be detected in the blood circulation). * Isoenzymes: different forms of the same enzyme that are found in different tissues. *lactate dehydrogenase has 4 isoenzymes one of them is used also as a marker in myocardial infarctions. Page 4
*Creatine phosphate produces energy by going backward in this reaction giving creatine and ATP (the forward reaction stores energy and backward releases it). Creatine + ATP <=> Creatine Phosphate + ADP *the energy needed for this reaction comes from the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP giving a phosphate group. ΔG0' = +12 kj/mole Page 5
ATP(adinosine tryphosphate) *Adenine is a nitrogeneous base and the adenosine is an adenine molecule attached to a pentose sugar by a glycosidic bond. *if the adinosine molcule is bound to one phosphate group it is called adinosine monophosphate (AMP)and if it is bound to two phosphate groups it is called adinosine Page 6
diphosphate(adp)and the 3 phosphate groups bound are called adinosine tryphosphate(atp) *the phosphate groups have high energy because of the negative charges they have which in turn make them repell from each other(the high energy obtained from the hydrolysis of ATP is because of the repultion between these phosphate groups). *ATP(currency of energy in metabolism) Oxidation: release of energy.* Reduction: obtaining of energy.* Page 7
*Compound that is more reduced will give more energy than the less reduced one. *because fatty acids are more reduced than glucose they give more energy when full oxidized. *when you completely oxidize glucose you get 30-38 ATP molecules while fatty acids give about 140 ATP molecules(depending on the fatty acid structure some give more and some give less). oxidation reaction Page 8
*when an aldehide group is oxidised it will be converted to a carboxilic acid first then to ester in the presence of organic phosphate. *the electrons are removed from the aldehyde group and added to the NAD+ (carrier of electrons)forming NADH + H+. *NADH and FADH2(electron carriers)are very important because they are oxidised by the electron tsansport chain in a process called(oxididative phosphorylation) to give ATP molecules. *the electron carriers are always assosiated with dehydrogenases. *when you see dehydrogenases there most be an assosiated coenzyme with it (NAD+ and FAD+). Page 9
The oxidized and reduced form of NAD+ ((((((Not for memorization)))))) *NAD: nicotineamide adenine dinucleotide. Page 10
Coupled Reactions *the purpose of the coupled reactions is to help the reactions with high ΔG to happen. Glucose + Pi <=> Glucose-6-Phosphate ΔG = +14 kj/mole Glucose + ATP <=> Glucose-6-Phosphate ΔG = -16.5 kj/mole *the enzyme related in the reaction above is hexokinase. *in order to phosphorylate glucose it needs to be coupled with the hydrolysis of ATP. Page 11
Metabolic pathways *Metabolism: oxidation of molecules to produce energy or reduction of simple molecules to synthesis macromolecules. *glycolysis must happen in every cell in your body. *glycolysis is the oxidation of glucose. Page 12
*glycolysis is the core of metabolism. *glucose is stored in our body as glycogen (in muscles and liver and kidney). *glycogen phosphorylase is needed to break glycogen to glucose. Page 13
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)Values of Hydrolysis (kj/mole ΔG PEP = -61.9 1,3BPG = -49.4 Creatine Phosphate = -43.1 ATP to ADP = -30.5 Page 16
G1P = -20.9 Pyrophosphate = -19.3 This was just the introduction "have fun " Page 17