SINDROMUL INCISIVULUI MAXILAR MEDIAN UNIC

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PREZENTĂRI DE CAZ 10 SINDROMUL INCISIVULUI MAXILAR MEDIAN UNIC Conf. Dr. Ileana Puiu 1, Conf. Dr. Carmen Niculescu 1, Dr. Laura Marinău 1, Dr. Veronica Maria 1, Dr. Ioana Opriţoiu 2 1 Clinica Pediatrie I, Universitatea de Medicină şi Farmacie, Craiova 2 Spitalul Clinic Judeţean de Urgenţă, Craiova REZUMAT Sindromul incisivului maxilar median unic este o afecţiune complexă, datorată unor defecte multiple de dezvoltare, în special pe linia mediană, secundar acţiunii unor factori necunoscuţi, care acţionează în zilele 35-38 de viaţă intrauterină. Autorii prezintă cazul copilului V.C. în vârstă de 13 ani 9 luni, cu repetate internări în vederea evaluării pentru hipostatură şi retard mental. La vârsta de 5 ani a fost diagnosticat cu astm bronşic, iar la vârsta de 10 ani cu panhipopituitarism; a urmat tratament de substituţie tiroidiană şi cu hormon de creştere, dar inconstant. Examenul clinic: retard statural marcat, facies dismorf, obstrucţie nazală cronică, prezenţa incisivului maxilar median unic, retard mental moderat, cu defi cit de atenţie. Examinări paraclinice: CT cranian hipoplazie hipofi zară, determinările hormonale au confi rmat diagnosticul de panhipopituitarism. Cuvinte cheie: sindromul incisivului maxilar median unic, copil INTRODUCERE Sindromul incisivului central maxilar median unic (SMMCI) este o afecţiune complexă, care se caracterizează prin prezenţa unui singur incisiv, situat pe linia mediană, numai la nivelul maxilarului (nu şi la nivelul mandibulei). Această afecţiune se datorează unor defecte multiple de dezvoltare, în special pe linia mediană, secundar acţiunii unor factori necunoscuţi, care acţionează în zilele 35-38 de viaţă intrauterină. Sunt implicate structurile de pe linia mediană a capului: oasele craniene, dentiţia de la nivelul maxilarului superior, căile aeriene nazale, uneori creierul, la care se asociază afectarea altor structuri de pe linia mediană a corpului (1,2). PREZENTAREA CAZULUI Autorii prezintă cazul copilului V.C., în vârstă de 13 ani 9 luni, cu repetate internări în Clinicile de Pediatrie şi Endocrinologie din Craiova şi Bucureşti, în vederea evaluării pentru hipostatură şi retard mental. Din antecedentele heredocolaterale reţinem că pacientul provine din părinţi tineri, neconsangvini, afirmativ sănătoşi; tatăl cu microcefalie şi hipostatură, dar neinvestigat; mai are o soră de 10 ani sănătoasă; afirmativ fără antecedente familiale de anomalii dentare sau cerebrale. Antecedentele personale fiziologice: sarcină cu evoluţie normală, este primul copil, din naştere spontană, la 38 de săptămâni, cu o greutate la naştere de 3.050 g, cu suferinţă la naştere, alimentat natural 4 luni, cu dezvoltare psihomotorie şi staturoponderală întârziată pe etape de vârstă. Din antecedentele personale patologice reiese că în perioada de copil mic a prezentat repetate episoade de convulsii în afebrilitate; sub tratament anticonvulsivant continuu nu a mai repetat convulsiile în ultimii 3 ani; a mai prezentat repetate spitalizări pentru infecţii respiratorii, iar la vârsta de 5 ani a fost diagnosticat cu astm bronşic în formă moderată, cu evoluţie favorabilă sub tratament. La Adresa de corespondenţă: Conf. Dr. Ileana Puiu, Universitatea de Medicină şi Farmacie, Str. Petru Rareş, Nr. 2, Craiova REVISTA ROMÂNÅ DE PEDIATRIE VOLUMUL LX, NR. 3, AN 2011 287

288 REVISTA ROMÂNÅ DE PEDIATRIE VOLUMUL LX, NR. 3, AN 2011 vârsta de 10 ani a fost diagnosticat cu panhipopituitarism, apoi a urmat tratament de substituţie tiroidiană, cortizon şi hormon de creştere, dar inconstant. Examenul clinic, la vârsta de 13 ani şi 9 luni, a evidenţiat: retard statural marcat (talia 125 cm/- 4 DS, greutatea 27 kg/imc 17,3 kg/m 2 ); microcefalie, facies dismorf, obstrucţie nazală cronică cu res piraţie orală, prezenţa incisivului central maxilar median unic, care a fost prezent atât în cadrul dentiţiei primare, cât şi permanente; tegumente aspre, discret infiltrate; micropenis, testiculi pre zenţi în scrot, dar, fără semne de sexualizare spontană; retard mental moderat, cu deficit de atenţie (Fig. 1, 2). FIGURA 1. Prezenţa incisivului central maxilar median unic FIGURA 2. Aspect clinic general: microcefalie, hipostatură Examinările paraclinice: teste biologice uzuale în limite normale; determinările hormonale au confirmat diagnosticul de panhipopituitarism: STH bazal 0,6 ng/ml, STH după stimulare cu insulină 1,03 ng/ml la 30 min (glicemie 40 mg%) şi 2,06 ng/ ml la 60 minute; TSH 5,7 µui/ml, T4 < 2 µg/dl, Cortizol 1,75µg/dl, 17 KS 20,9 mg/24h, 17 OH-CS 1,25 mg/24h, PR 22,19 ng/ml. Explorările imagistice: radiografia craniană de profil a evidenţiat şa turcică redusă în dimensiuni, radiografia de pumn a arătat o vârstă osoasă corespunzătoare vârstei de 5 ani, iar tomografia computerizată la nivelul craniului a evidenţiat hipoplazie hipofizară, fără procese înlocuitoare de spaţiu. La examenul ORL au fost prezente vegetaţiile adenoide şi moderată stenoză coanală. Ecografia abdominală şi ecocardiografia nu au evidenţiat modificări patologice. Cariotipul a fost 46 XY. DISCUŢII Sindromul incisivului central maxilar median unic este o anomalie de dezvoltare ce implică structurile de pe linia mediană a capului şi corpului, secundar unor factori necunoscuţi, care intervin precoce în viaţa intrauterină, între zilele 35-38 de sarcină. Prezenţa incisivului median maxilar unic poate exista ca manifestare izolată sau în asociere cu alte anomalii de dezvoltare ale liniei mediane. Există o mare variabilitate a manifestărilor feno tipice (3). Denumirea acestui sindrom a fost dată de Hall şi colab. (1997); iniţial, în literatură a fost descrisă doar absenţa congenitală sau ereditară a incisivului central (4,5), apoi a fost recunoscută asocierea cu hipostatura (6), dar această asociere nu este prezentă întotdeauna (7). Astfel, a fost sugerată denumirea de sindromul incisivului central maxilar median unic de către mai mulţi autori (8,9). Incidenţa estimată de Hall şi colab. (1997) este de 1:50.000 născuţi vii; incidenţa se consideră că este mult mai mare la feţii născuţi morţi sau la cei avortaţi. Deşi dignosticarea acestui sindrom ar fi posibilă ecografic din săptămânile 18-22 de sarcină, totuşi, rareori diagnosticul se stabileşte prenatal; postnatal, diagnosticul poate fi stabilit uşor după vârsta de 6-8 luni, o dată cu erupţia dentiţiei temporare, a incisivului median superior. La cazul prezentat, diagnosticul s-a stabilit pe baza prezenţei incisivului maxilar unic, situat pe linia mediană, atât în cadrul dentiţiei primare, cât şi permanente, la care s-au asociat celelalte anomalii: retard statural marcat, hipotiroidism, microcefalie, obstrucţie nazală cronică, retard mental moderat, cu deficit de atenţie, epilepsie, astm bronşic. Există o mare variabilitate a manifestărilor fenotipice, dar următoarele trăsături sunt caracteristice (1): prematuritate şi greutate mică la naştere (37%); la naştere, dismorfism facial, filtrum indistinct la nivelul buzei superioare, absenţa frenului labial, despicătură a buzei şi/sau a palatului dur la 25% dintre cazuri (10); obstrucţie nazală congenitală de diverse grade: fose nazale îngustate, atrezie coanală, stenoza congenitală a aperturii piriforme (90%), deviaţie de sept (11,12);

REVISTA ROMÂNÅ DE PEDIATRIE VOLUMUL LX, NR. 3, AN 2011 289 în jurul vârstei de 8 luni, erupţia incisivului maxilar unic, situat pe linia mediană a maxilarului, prezent atât în dentiţia primară, cât şi în cea permanentă; istoric familial de incisiv maxilar median unic sau de: microcefalie, holoprozencefalie, obstrucţii nazale congenitale, hipostatură, retard psihic, epilepsie sau alte anomalii ale liniei mediene (25%); retard statural (< 2DS) la 50% dintre cazuri; microcefalie, hipotelorism (45%); asocierea cu holoprozencefalie de diverse grade este frecvent descrisă, dar nu este obligatorie (13); acest sindrom mai este des cris şi ca o formă minoră de holopro zen cefalie; retard psihic de diverse grade (50%), hiperactivitate, asociate sau nu cu epilepsie; anomalii morfologice ale glandei hipofize şi ale şeii turceşti (15-50%); Acest sindrom se mai poate asocia şi cu alte sindroame: CHARGE, VACTERL, sindromul velocardiofacial, holoprozencefalia autozomal dominantă, displazia ectodermală, sindromul de retracţie Duane (14,15,16,17). Alte anomalii înregistrate la aceste cazuri: cardio patii congenitale (25%), anomalii ale vertebrelor cervicale şi toracice (14%), alergii, astm bronşic; alte anomalii ale liniei mediene (25%): panhipopituitarism, hipotiroidism, ambiguitate genitală, micropenis şi altele (18,19,20,21). CONCLUZII Dignosticul la cazul prezentat s-a stabilit pe prezenţa incisivului maxilar median unic, la care s-au asociat celelalte manifestări clinice carac teristice acestui sindrom; este importantă asocierea cu microcefalie şi hipostatură. Tratamentul la acest caz este complex şi interdisciplinar, de substituţie hipofizară, tiroidiană şi suprarenală, anticonvulsivant, antiastmatic şi de recuperare neuro-psihică. Prognosticul este rezervat, recuperarea deficitului statural şi a retardului psihic fiind parţială. Solitary median maxillary central incisor syndrome case report Conf. Dr. Ileana Puiu 1, Conf. Dr. Carmen Niculescu 1, Dr. Laura Marinau 1, Dr. Veronica Maria 1, Dr. Ioana Opritoiu 2 1 Pediatric Clinic, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Craiova 2 Emergency Clinical County Hospital Craiova ABSTRACT Solitary median maxillary central incisor syndrome is a complex disorder consisting of multiple defects of development, mainly midline defects, secondary to the action of unknown factors operating in utero about the 35 th -38 th days from conception. The authors present a case of the child V.C. of 13 years and 9 months old, with repeated admissions for the assessment of short stature and mental retardation. At the age of 5 years the child was diagnosed with asthma, and at 10 years old with panhypopituitarism, and took inconstantly a thyroid replacement and growth hormone therapy. Clinical examination: severe short stature, facial dysmorphism, chronic nasal obstruction, the presence of a solitary median central incisor, moderate mental retardation with attention defi cit. Laboratory examinations: cranial CT pituitary hypoplasia; the hormonal tests confi rmed the diagnosis of panhypopituitarism. Key words: solitary median maxillary incisor syndrome, child INTRODUCTION Solitary median maxillary central incisor syndrome (SMMCI) is a complex disorder that is characterized by the presence of a single incisor, located in the midline, only in the maxilla (and not in the mandible). This disorder is due to multiple, mainly midline defects of development resulting from unknown factors operating in utero about the 35 th 38 th days from conception. There are involved midline structures of the head: cranial bones, the maxilla and its contained dentition,

290 REVISTA ROMÂNÅ DE PEDIATRIE VOLUMUL LX, NR. 3, AN 2011 nasal airways, and sometimes the brain, together with other midline structures of the body (1, 2). CASE PRESENTATION FIGURE 1. Presence of solitary maxillary median incisor The authors present a case of the child V.C. of 13 years and 9 months old, with repeated admissions in Pediatric and Endocrinology Clinics of Craiova and Bucharest for the assessment of short stature and mental retardation. From family history we have noticed that the patient comes from young affirmatively healthy parents; father with microcephaly and short stature, but with no clinical investigations; the patient also has a healthy 10 years old sister; affirmatively with no dental or cerebral abnormalities. Personal physiological history: pregnancy with normal development, the patient being the first baby, spontaneous labor in 38 weeks, with problems during childbirth, and a birth weight of 3050g and psychomotor and weight-stature development were delayed for this patient s age. From personal pathological history we have noticed repeated episodes of seizures in the absence of fever during the early childhood, under anti convulsivant treatment in the last 3 years the child didn t repeated the seizures; multiple hospital ad missions for respiratory infections; and at the age of 5 years the child was diagnosed with moderate asthma, with favorable evolution under treatment, and panhypopituitarism, and took inconstantly a thyroid replacement and growth hormone therapy and cor tisone therapy. Clinical examination at the age of 13 years and 9 months has shown severe short stature (125 cm size/ -4 SDS), weight (27 kg, BMI 17,3 kg/m 2 ); microcephaly, facial dysmorphism, chronic nasal obstruction with oral breathing, the presence of solitary median central incisor in both primary and permanent dentitions; rough skin, showing discrete infiltrates; micropenis, testes present in the scrotum but without signs of spontaneous sexualisation; moderate mental retardation with attention deficit (Fig. 1, 2). Laboratory examinations: routine blood tests in normal ranges, the hormonal tests confirmed the diagnosis of panhypopituitarism: basal STH 0.6 ng/ml, STH after insulin stimulation 1.03 ng/ml at 30 minutes (blood glucose 40 mg%) and 2.06 ng/ml at 60 minutes; TSH 5.7 μui/ml, T4 <2 µg/dl, Cortisol 1.75 µg/dl, 17 KS 20.9 mg/24h, 17 OH-CS 1.25 mg/24h, PR 22.19 ng/ml. Imaging investigations: Skull x-ray, lateral view, showed a Turkish saddle reduced in size, the x-ray of the wrist showed a bone age of 5 years old, the computed tomography of the skull revealed pituitary hypoplasia with no space-occupying lesions. On ORL examination was noticed adenoid vegetations and moderate choanal stenosis. Abdominal ultrasound and echocardiography have shown no pathology. Karyotype was 46 XY. DISCUSSION FIGURE 2. Clinical aspect: microcephaly, short stature Solitary median maxillary central incisor syndrome is an abnormality of development involving the midline structures of the head and body, secondary to unknown factors, which occur early in intrauterine life, about the 35 th -38 th days from conception. The presence of solitary median maxillary incisor may exist as single isolated event or in combination with other developmental anomalies of the midline. There is a wide variability in the phenotypic features (3). The name of this syndrome was given by Hall et al. (1997), in literature was originally described just the congenital or hereditary absence of central incisor (4, 5), and after that it was recognized the association with short stature (6), but this combination is not always present (7). Thus, it has been suggested the name of solitary median maxillary central incisor syndrome by several authors (8, 9). Hall et al. (1997) have estimated an incidence of 1:50,000 live births; the incidence is higher in stillbirths and aborted fetuses. Although the diagnosis of this syndrome could be possible in 18-22 weeks of pregnancy by ultrasonography, however, rarely the diagnosis is established prenatal; postnatal, the diagnosis can be easily established after 6-8 months of age, once the primary SMMCI tooth has erupted.

REVISTA ROMÂNÅ DE PEDIATRIE VOLUMUL LX, NR. 3, AN 2011 291 In the presented case, the diagnosis was based on the presence of a solitary maxillary incisor, situated in the midline, in both primary and permanent dentitions, with other abnormalities associated: marked growth retardation, hypothyroidism, microcephaly, chronic nasal obstruction, moderate mental retardation, attention deficit, epilepsy, asthma. There is a wide variability in the phenotypic spectrum, but the following features are typical of the phenotype (1): prematurity and low birth weight (37%); at birth, facial dysmorphism, the upper lip with an indistinct philtrum, absence of a labial frenulum, cleft lip and/or cleft palate in 25% cases (10); congenital nasal airway obstruction of various degrees: midnasal stenosis, choanal atresia, congenital nasal pyriform aperture stenosis (90%), septum deviation (11,12); at approximately 8 months age, the eruption of a solitary maxillary incisor tooth, situated in the midline of the maxillary alveolus and present in both primary and permanent den titions; family history of SMMCI or of microcephaly, holoprosencephaly, congenital nasal obstruction, short stature, intellectual disability, epilepsy or other midline defects (25%); short stature (<2DS) in 50% cases; microcephaly, hypotelorism (45%); various degrees of holoprosencephaly association is often described, but is not required (13), this syndrome is also described as a microform of holoprosencephaly; intellectual disability varying in degree (50%), hyperactivity disorder, possibly associated with epilepsy; sella turcica and pituitary gland morphological abnormalities (15-50%). This syndrome may be associated with other syndromes: CHARGE, VACTERL, velocardiofacial syndrome, autosomal dominant holoprosencephaly, ectodermal dysplasia, Duane retraction syndrome (14, 15, 16, 17). Other abnormalities recorded in these cases: congenital heart disease (25%), cervical and thoracic spine abnormalities (14%), allergies, asthma; other midline abnormalities (25%): panhypopituitarism, hypothyroidism, ambiguous genitalia, micropenis and others (18, 19, 20, 21). CONCLUSIONS In the presented case the diagnosis was established on the presence of a solitary median maxillary incisor, which has been associated with other characteristic clinical manifestations of this syndrome; it is important the association with microcephaly and short stature. Treatment in this case is complex and interdisciplinary, and it involves substitution therapy for the pituitary-adrenal axis, thyroid therapy, anticonvulsivant and anti-asthma therapy, and neuropsychological recovery. The prognosis is reserved, recovery of intellectual deficit and short stature being partial. REFERENCES 1. Hall R.K. Solitary median maxillary central incisor (SMMCI) syndrome. Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2006; 1:12. 2. Hall R.K., Bankier A., Aldred M.J. et al. Solitary median maxillary central incisor, short stature, choanal atresia/midnasal stenosis (SMMCI) syndrome. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1997; 84:651-662. 3. Catania P., Conti C., Poggi G.M. et al. Two cases of solitary median maxillary central incisor syndrome. Minerva Pediatr 2010; 62(1):113-8. 4. Scott D.C. Absence of upper central incisor. Br Dent J 1958; 104:247-248. 5. Kopp W. A hereditary congenitally missing maxillary central incisor. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1967; 24:367. 6. Rappaport E.B., Ulstrom R., Gorlin R.J. Monosuperocentroincisivodontic dwarfism. Birth Defects Orig Artic Ser 1976; 12:243-245. 7. Wesley R.K., Hoffman W.H., Perrin J et al. Solitary maxillary central incisor and normal stature. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1978; 46:837-842. 8. Bamba S. Clinical evaluation of six patients with a single maxillary central incisor. Jap J Paediatr Dent 1989; 10:52-56. 9. Youko K., Satoshi F., Kubota K., Goto G. Clinical evaluation of a patient with single maxillary central incisor. J Clin Pediatr Dent 2002; 26:181-186. 10. Kjaer I., Becktor K.B., Lisson J. et al. Face, palate and craniofacial morphology in patients with a solitary median maxillary central incisor. Eur J Orthod 2001; 23:63-73. 11. Van Den Abbeele T., Triglia J.M., Francois M., Narcy P. Congenital nasal pyriform aperture stenosis: diagnosis and management of 20 cases. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2001; 110:70-75. 12. Captier G., Tourbach S., Bigorre M. et al. Anatomical consideration of the congenital nasal pyriform Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2006; 1:12. 13. Nanni L., Ming J.E., Du Y. et al. 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