Name: Period: Chapter 2 Reading Guide The Biology of Mind The Nervous System (pp. 55-58) 1. What are nerves? 2. Complete the diagram below with definitions of each part of the nervous system. Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Central Nervous System Somatic Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System Sympathetic Nervous System Parasympathetic Nervous System Fight or flight response 3. Summarize the importance of neural networks. 4. Define reflex. What controls general reflexes and pain reflexes? Why do you think your brain does not control those? 1
The Endocrine System (pp. 58-60) 1. Define the following terms: Endocrine system Hormones Adrenaline (Epinephrine) Noradrenaline (Norepinephrine) Pituitary gland (why is this gland referred to as the master gland? ) List major glands in Endocrine system (refer to Figure 2.11) 2. What s the difference between hormones and neurotransmitters? (2 items) The Brain: The Tools of Discovery (pp. 60-62) 1. Neuroscientists study the brain functioning in a variety of ways. For each of the research methods listed below, summarize briefly how it works and what it tells scientists about the brain. Lesion Electroencephalograph (EEG) Computerized Tomography (CT) scan Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scan 2
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scan Functional MRI scan The Brain: Plasticity, Our Divided Brain, & Brain Organization & Handedness (pp. 73-81) 1. What is brain plasticity? Give an example. 2. When is your brain most plastic? 3. What is neurogenesis? 4. What are stem cells? 5. What is the corpus callosum? What did Roger Sperry and Michael Gazzaniga do? 6. What happens in split brain surgery? Why is it performed? What does it reveal about brain functioning? 7. Explain the HEART experiment with split brain surgery patients. 8. What functions are mainly controlled by the left hemisphere? What functions are controlled by the right hemisphere? Introduction & Neural Communication (pp. 47-54) 1. Define the following: Phrenology Biological psychologists 2. What is the difference between sensory, motor, and interneurons? 3
3. Read about the different parts of a neuron. On a separate sheet of paper, draw a neuron (like the one to the right) and label the parts. Next to each label, define the purpose/function of each part. Finally, color each part a different color. The parts you need to label are: neuron (can be at top of picture), dendrite, axon, myelin sheath, terminal branches, cell body, synapse. 4. Summarize the process of neural communication in your own words. You must include the following terms in your summary: action potential, ions, resting potential, selectively permeable, depolarizes, refractory period, excitatory, inhibitory, threshold, all-or-none-response, synaptic gap, neurotransmitters, reuptake. 5. On the back of your neuron drawing, draw a picture of a synapse (like the one on pg. 81). Label the following, color each part a different color, and next to each label define the purpose of that part: synaptic gap, receptor sites, neurotransmitter, axon terminal, sending neuron, receiving neuron. 6. Neurotransmitters are the chemical molecules that bind to the receptor sites. For each neurotransmitter listed below, explain its function. Also, list 1 disease associated with each neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine Dopamine Serotonin Norepinephrine GABA Glutamate Endorphins 7. What is an agonist? What is an antagonist? (the pictures on p.54 are especially helpful!) 4
The Brain: Older Brain Structures (pp. 62 67) 1. On the brain diagram attached, label each part of the brain using pgs. 62-67 as a reference. Underneath each label, provide a concise definition of the function of each part no more than 3 words per part! Finally, color each part a different color. Label the following parts: brainstem, medulla, pons, thalamus, reticular formation, cerebellum, spinal cord, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, amygdala, hippocampus, corpus callosum 5
2. What parts of the brain are included in the limbic system? In general, what kinds of functions are associated with the limbic system? The Brain: The Cerebral Cortex (pp. 68-73) 1. What is the cerebrum? What is the cerebral cortex? In general, what are its functions? 2. What are glial cells? Where specifically in the brain are glial cells located? 3. The cerebral cortex is divided into many parts associated with their functions. For each part below, explain what the function is and describe its approximate location: Frontal lobe Motor cortex Parietal lobe Occipital lobe Temporal lobe Sensory (also called somatosensory) cortex 4. What are association areas? Where are they found? 5. Summarize what happened to Phineas Gage and what it helped tell us about the brain. 6