Chapter 14 Circulatory System Images VT-122 Anatomy & Physiology II
The mediastinum
Dog heart
Dog heart
Cat heart
Dog heart ultrasound Can see pericardium as distinct bright line
Pericardial effusion Fluid build-up in pericardial space
Pericardial effusion
Enlarged heart or effusion? Here s the normal heart
Enlarged heart or effusion?
Heart wall
myocardium endocardium
Cat, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Myocardium thickens and functions poorly as a pump
Dog, dilated cardiomyopathy Myocardium thins and functions poorly as a pump
Heart chambers Pulmonary semilunar valve Aortic semilunar valve Left atrium Right atrium Right AV valve = tricuspid Left AV valve = bicuspid or mitral valve Left ventricle Septum Right ventricle
Blood Flow Through the Heart
Blood Flow
Blood Flow through heart
Coronary Circulation? Left ventricle Aorta Coronary arteries Capillaries Coronary veins Coronary sinus Cranial vena cava Right atrium
Structures of the Heart: External Anatomy Auricles - largest and most visible parts of the atria Left ventricle - long and narrow, thick-walled, terminates at apex of the heart Right ventricle - wraps around left ventricle
Structures of the Heart: External The borders of the ventricles are separated by interventricular sulci Contain fat and blood vessels that are part of the coronary circulation of the heart Anatomy
Structures of the Heart: External Cranial and caudal vena cavae join together with the coronary sinus that collects blood from coronary circulation Anatomy
Structures of the Heart: External The pulmonary artery emerges from the right ventricle as the pulmonary trunk Quickly divides into right and left pulmonary arteries traveling to each lung Pulmonary trunk is larger and more curved than the vena cavae Anatomy
Structures of the Heart: External The aorta is the largest artery in the body Anatomy The walls of the aorta are the thickest of any blood vessel
Structures of the Heart: External The aorta emerges from the left ventricle into the aortic arch The brachiocephalic trunk and left subclavian artery branch off the aorta just after aortic valve Anatomy
Structures of the Heart: Internal Anatomy Atrioventricular valves = tricuspid and bicuspid (mitral) Flaps originate from a fibrous ring of the valve The flaps are prevented from bending back into the atrium by the chordae tendineae.
Structures of the Heart: Internal Chordae tendinae connect the free edges of the valvular flaps to the papillary muscles Trabeculae carnae are muscular columns projecting from the walls of the ventricles Anatomy
Structures of the Heart: Internal Anatomy Moderator band - tissue present in the right ventricle; originates at interventricular septum Not attached to flaps of tricuspid valve Provides additional structural support to the wall of the right ventricle The left ventricle does not have a moderator band
Structures of the Heart: Internal Anatomy Aortic valve and pulmonic valves - 3 flaps attached at their outer edges to a fibrous ring; no chordae tendinae Aortic and pulmonic valves are both called semilunar valves.
Identify this valve Quiz time! Left Atrioventricular valve Bicuspid valve Mitral valve
Name this structure Quiz time! Moderator band
Electrocardiogram (ECG, EKG) P wave - depolarization of the atria QRS complex - waves created by ventricular depolarization T wave - repolarization of the ventricles
ECG monitor
Auscultation Left side M = 5 th rib space A = 4 th rib space P = 3 rd rib space Right side T = 4 th rib space
Bypasses (shunts) in the fetal circulation keep most of the blood out of the pulmonary circulation. The fetus receives oxygen from the mother through the placenta. Fetal Circulation
Types of blood vessels Arteries Arterioles Capillaries Venules Veins (Towards tissue) (Within tissue) (Away from tissue)
Vascular Anatomy
Vascular Anatomy
Vascular Anatomy
Vascular Anatomy
AA B C D E Blood flow into the ventricles begins at the beginning of which period? E The pulmonary semilunar valve closes at the end of which period? C Atrial systole occurs during which period? A Ventricular systole begins at the end of which period? A Blood flow out of the atria stops at the end of which period? A
A B C D E Ventricular systole ends at the beginning of which period? D The S2 sound is heard during this period. D The semilunar valves open at the beginning of which period? C Blood flow into the pulmonary artery stops at the end of which period? C Ventricular pressure is greatest during which period? C
Cephalic vein: craniomedial aspect of forelimb Venipuncture Femoral vein: medial aspect of hind limb Saphenous: lateral aspect of hind limb
Jugular Veins Ventral aspect of each side of the neck in the jugular groove Venipuncture Close to the carotid arteries Care must be taken to avoid accidental injection into the carotid artery
Venipuncture Caudal epigastric vein Milk vein Ventral aspect of each side of the abdomen Thin-walled, superficial, prone to hematoma formation Coccygeal vein Ventral midline of the tail
Cat venipuncture
Cat venipuncture
Cat venipuncture
Dog venipuncture
Dog venipuncture
Dog venipuncture
Ruminant venipuncture
Ruminant venipuncture Don t use the milk veins (caudal epigastric)!
Equine venipuncture
Swine venipuncture
Chinchilla jugular
Small bird jugular
Rabbit jugular
Rat coccygeal vein
Nugent hamster saphenous
Rabbit saphenous
Exotics venipuncture Marginal ear vein Central artery And the vein is where, precisely?