HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY II CHAPTER 14: BLOOD MARY CATHERINE FLATH, Ph.D.
BLOOD A connective tissue Average volume of 5 liters (70 kg male) 45% solid cells or formed elements (hematocrit [HCT] quantitation) Erythrocytes Leukocytes Thrombocytes 55% liquid plasma Water Plasma proteins Much more
Blood Composition
BLOOD SMEAR Wright s stain is used to differentially stain blood cells for identification
BLOOD SMEAR ~HIGH~
ALL BLOOD CELLS COME FROM A LARGE PRIMITIVE CELL CALLED A HEMOCYTOBLAST
BLOOD CELLS ERYTHROCYTES LEUKOCYTES THROMBOCYTES
Red blood cells ERYTHROCYTES 4-6 million per mm 3 blood (in a healthy individual) Biconcave shape 7.5 microns in diameter Anucleate (live approximately 120 days) Carry hemoglobin Transport oxygen
BLOOD SMEAR ~OIL~ ERYTHROCYTES (abundant pale pink discs)
Co 14 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Image Source
Red blood cells ERYTHROCYTES 4-6 million per mm 3 blood (in a healthy individual) Biconcave shape 7.5 microns in diameter Anucleate (live approximately 120 days) Carry hemoglobin Transport oxygen
SEM of erythrocytes moving into a capillary
Red blood cells ERYTHROCYTES 4-6 million per mm 3 blood (in a healthy individual) Biconcave shape 7.5 microns in diameter Anucleate (live approximately 120 days) Carry hemoglobin Transport oxygen
LIFE CYCLE OF AN ERYTHROCYTE 120 DAYS
Life Cycle of an Erythrocyte
Red blood cells ERYTHROCYTES 4-6 million per mm 3 blood (in a healthy individual) Biconcave shape 7.5 microns in diameter Anucleate (live approximately 120 days) Carry hemoglobin Transport oxygen
ERYTHROCYTE PRODUCTION ERYTHROPOIESIS
Erythropoiesis
Normal Erythrocytes vs. Hypochromic Anemia
Normal versus sickled erythrocyte
BLOOD CELLS ERYTHROCYTES LEUKOCYTES THROMBOCYTES
LEUKOCYTES White blood cells 5-10,000 per mm 3 blood (in a healthy individual) Control Disease Divided into: Granulocytes (with cytoplasmic granules) Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils Agranulocytes (lack cytoplasmic granules) Monocytes and Lymphocytes
GRANULOCYTES NEUTROPHILS EOSINOPHILS BASOPHILS
NEUTROPHILS Most abundant leukocyte 54-62% Polymorphonucleocytes 2-6 nuclear lobes Phagocytosis of foreign particles (disease organisms and debris) Increased during bacterial infections
Fig. 14.10 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Ed Reschke
NEUTROPHIL
EOSINOPHILS 1-3% of total leukocytes Kill parasites and are involved in allergic reactions Increased during parasitic infections and allergic reactions Tapeworm and hookworm Release granules of histamine
Fig. 14.11 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Ed Reschke
EOSINOPHIL
BASOPHILS Less than 1% of total leukocytes Granules of: Histamine (vasodilator) Heparin (inhibits blood clotting) Increase during inflammatory reactions May leave blood stream and develop into mast cells Antibodies attach and cause mast cells to burst, releasing allergy mediators
Fig. 14.12 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Ed Reschke
BASOPHIL
AGRANULOCYTES LYMPHOCYTES MONOCYTES
LYMPHOCYTES 25-33% of total leukocytes Live for months to years Range in size from 10-14µ to small 6-9µ Function in immunity T cells in cell mediated immunity B cells in antibody mediated immunity Increased during viral infections (TB, whooping cough), and tumors Decreased in immune disorders
Fig. 14.14 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Ed Reschke
LYMPHOCYTE
MONOCYTES 3-9% of total leukocytes Phagocytosis Largest leukocyte (12-20u) In blood, phagocyte In tissues, macrophage Increased in viral and fungal infections (typhoid fever, malaria, mononucleosis) and chronic disease
Fig. 14.13 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. R. Kessel/Visuals Unlimited
MONOCYTE
LEUKOCYTES Neutrophil: 54-62% Eosinophil: 1-3% Basophil: <1% Lymphocyte: 25-33% Monocyte: 3-9%
Leukocyte Type Normal Differential Percentage High Count May Indicate Low Count May Indicate Neutrophils Lymphocytes Monocytes Eosinophils Basophils
Leukocyte Type Normal Differential Percentage High Count May Indicate Low Count May Indicate Neutrophils 54-62% Bacterial infection, burns, stress, inflammation Lymphocytes 25-33% Viral Infections, Some leukemias Monocytes 3-9% Viral or fungal infections, TB, some leukemias, other chronic diseases Radiation exposure, drug toxicity, B12 deficiency, SLE Prolonged illness, immunosuppression, cortisol treatment Bone marrow depression, cortisol treatment Eosinophils 1-3% Allergic reactions, parasitic infections, autoimmune disease Drug toxicity, stress Basophils <1% Allergic reactions, leukemias, cancers, hypothyroidism Pregnancy, ovulation, stress, hyperthyroidism
LEUKOCYTES (continued) DIAPEDESIS The process by which a leukocyte moves through a capillary wall to enter tissues.
Which leukocytes do this? Neutrophils, Basophils, Monocytes
Leukocytes fight infection
LEUKEMIA ABNORMAL (UNCONTROLLED) PRODUCTION OF A SPECIFIC TYPE OF IMMATURE LEUKOCYTE
Normal versus leukemia (granulocytic leukemia a type of myeloid leukemia)
Fig. 14A THE DRUG Gleevec has treated her leukemia. Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission for reproduction or display. Bone marrow biopsies are required at regular intervals 2005 Basil Childers
BLOOD CELLS ERYTHROCYTES LEUKOCYTES THROMBOCYTES
THROMBOCYTES Platelets 150-450,000 per mm 3 blood Fragments of megakaryocytes Function in blood clotting Fibrinogen fibrin Calcium and vitamin K required
All blood cells come from a primitive cell called a HEMOCYTOBLAST
Major Blood Cell Type Scientific Name Circulating Concentration/ mm 3 blood General Function Key Characteristics
Major Blood Cell Type red blood cell white blood cell platelet Scientific Name erythrocyte leukocyte thrombocyte Circulating Concentration/ mm 3 blood 4-6 million/ mm 3 blood 5-10,000/ mm 3 blood 150,000-450,000/ mm 3 blood General Function transportation of oxygen fight infection/ control disease blood clotting Key Characteristic see outline page 3 see outline pages 4-5 are fragments of giant megakaryocyte; See outline page 5 & 8
Blood Composition
BLOOD PLASMA WATER (91.5%) PROTEINS (7%; albumin, fibrinogen, globulin) NUTRIENTS (amino acids, monosaccharides, lipoproteins) WASTES (urea, uric acid, creatine, creatinine, bilirubin) GASES (Nitrogen, O 2 and CO 2 ) ELECTROLYTES (Na +, Cl -, Ca ++, K -, HCO 3-, etc) REGULATORY MECHANISMS (enzymes, hormones)
HEMOSTASIS
Platelet Plug Formation
SEM
Fibrinolytic Mechanisms (prevent spontaneous blood clot formation)
Preventing Deep Vein Thromboses (DVT)
FIBRINOLYTIC SYSTEM
PHARMACOLOGIC AGENTS TISSUE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR (TPA) INJECTED POST-MI HEPARIN EXTRACTED FROM LUNG TISSUE USED DURING HEMODYALYSIS AND HEART/LUNG PERFUSION WARFARIN COUMADIN SLOWER ACTING THAN HEPARIN INDICATED IN PATIENTS PRONE TO CLOTTING
MEDICINAL USES OF THE LEECH
BLOOD TYPING
BLOOD TYPING BLOOD TYPE IS DETERMINED BY ANTIGENS PRESENT ON THE CELL MEMBRANES OF ERYTHROCYTES ANTIGENS ARE INHERITED THE TWO ANTIGENS DETERMINE FOUR BLOOD TYPES A, B, AB, O
AB ANTIBODIES IN PLASMA ANTIBODIES ARE PRODUCED AGAINST NON- SELF ANTIGENS PERSONS WITH TYPE A BLOOD, PRODUCE B-ANTIBODIES PERSONS WITH TYPE B BLOOD, PRODUCE A-ANTIBODIES PERSONS WITH TYPE AB BLOOD, DO NOT PRODUCE EITHER A OR B-ANTIBODIES PERSONS WITH TYPE O BLOOD, PRODUCE BOTH A- AND B-ANTIBODIES
TRANSFUSION REACTIONS TRANSFUSION REACTIONS OCCUR WHEN THE ANTIBODIES IN THE RECIPIENT S PLASMA REACT WITH THE ANTIGENS ON DONATED CELLS I.E. ANTIBODY-B IN RECEIPIENTS PLASMA REACTS WITH B-ANTIGEN ON DONATED CELLS AN IMMUNE RESPONSE OCCURS WHICH CAUSES CLUMPING AND HEMOLYSIS OF THE DONATED CELLS.
AgA-AbA = Agglutination :--(; AgB-AbB = Agglutination :--(
Blood type Antigens on rbc s Antibodies in plasma Compatible donors Incompatible donors
Blood type A B AB O Antigens on rbc s A B A AND B NEITHER A OR B Antibodies in plasma ANTI -B ANTI -A NEITHER ANTI-A OR -B BOTH ANTI-A AND B Compatible donors A,O B, O AB, A, B, O O Incompatible donors B, AB A, AB A, B, AB
BLOOD DONORS AND RECIPIENTS UNIVERSAL DONOR: TYPE O UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT: TYPE AB
Rh Factor Rh FACTOR IS AN INHERITED GROUP OF PROTEINS PRESENT ON SURFACE OF ERYTHROCYTES Rh ANTIBODIES DO NOT SPONTANEOUSLY DEVELOP ANTIBODIES DO DEVELOP UPON EXPOSURE TO Rh ANTIGEN SIGNIFICANCE: Rh NEGATIVE MOTHERS WHO IS PREGNANT (WITH Rh POSITIVE FETUS) HEMOLYTIC DISEASE OF THE NEWBORN RHOGAM is administered to mother between weeks 28-30 and after birth.
Bloodgen is a consortium of European blood banks and universities investigating the use of DNA microarrays (chips) to type blood. Their logo is pictured at left