Bio 12 Important Organic Compounds: Biological Molecules NOTES Name: Many molecules of life are.(means many molecules joined together) Monomers: that exist individually Polymers: Large organic molecules **most important biological compounds MONOMER (building block) POLYMER (Biological organic molecule) Monomer è Polymer è Process to build polymers Dehydration synthesis = chemical changes that results in monomers together by (called condensation synthesis in text) Looks like. H - - OH + H - - OH (monomers) H - - - OH + H - - - OH (dimer) H - - - - - OH + H 2 0 (polymer)
To break apart polymers Hydrolysis: H - - - - - OH + 3H 2 0 4 H - - OH Organic Molcules: 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids **always contains C may share e - s with other C 1. Carbohydrates (sugars) composed of C, H, and O C = ; H 2 O = basic formula o n = number of times the ie glucose = (CH 2 O) 6 or C 6 H 12 O 6 Functions: (starch, glycogen) = glycoprotein or glycolipid o Basis for A) Simple sugars: a) Only 1 (mono) sugar unit
Examples: Glucose - in fruit in milk Also (RNA & DNA) b) (2 monosaccharides) joined by (water lost) Examples: glucose + glucose = + water glucose + galactose = (milk sugar) + water glucose + fructose = (table sugar) + water Chemical formula = B) Complex Carbohydrates= Polysaccharides (typically glucose) Poly means many Examples: a) Starch - b) Glycogen - c) Cellulose -. a) Starch structure Few or no branches Sugars (in leaves, stem, roots) until needed b) Glycogen
c) Cellulose Unbranched, Carbohydrate review Source Monomer Polymer Characteristic Animal Plant 2. Lipids Characteristics: made up of (sometimes P or N) large, insoluble (in water) molecules Ex. Water in oil 2 building blocks: (long hydrocarbon chains) 3 types of Lipids: A. Triglycerides aka (nonpolar) or Types: a) Fats= (eg. butter, lard) 3 functions: 1. long term from excess glucose 2. 3. b) Oil = (eg. olive, corn, etc) Triglyceride structure:
E shaped molecule made of (synthesized by ) Fatty acids are hydrocarbon chains with 3 main types of fatty acid 1. Saturated, fairly straight, solid at room temp., fat 2. Unsaturated, structurally bent, liquid at room temp., oil 3. Polyunsaturated (e.g veggie oils) µ Important - hydrogenation (margarine or shortening) but forms trans fats L B. Phospholipids o Comprised of (think of a triglyceride except one fatty acid has been replace by a phosphate group) o Phospholipid bilayer the (hydrophilic) face out and the (hydrophobic) face in C. Steroids (lipids) Structure: with stuff attached (called functional groups) (a steroid) Examples: cholesterol, testosterone Function: a (e.g. estrogen & testosterone) Emulsification Needed to
e.g. soap and bile (produced by gallbladder) 3. Proteins Functions in cells. Structural Enzymes- Hormones Antibodies Transport - Contraction Protein Structure: Monomer (building block) = Amino Acid structure: R-groups: Reminder: What is the name of the process that will covalently bond these 2 amino acids to produce a dipeptide? Peptides o o A joins two amino acids. 2 aa s = dipeptide Many aa s = polypeptide (e.g. digestive enzymes and hemoglobin) Protein Structure is due to folding and bonding: 4 types of structures: i. Primary (1 ) protein ii. Secondary (2 ) protein iii. Tertiary (3 ) protein
iv. Quaternary (4 ) protein i. Primary (1 ) Protein Held together by ii. Secondary (2 ) Protein H-bonding within & peptide bonds iii. Tertiary (3 ) Protein Covalent Has, hydrogen & peptides bonds iv. Quaternary (4 ) Protein 2 or more peptides ( blobs ) Has covalent, hydrogen, peptide& Why is the shape of a protein so important? Eg. if folding does not occur correctly, it can cause diseases such as Parkinson s or Alzheimer s Denaturation is the of a protein & therefore, a is caused by
4. Nucleic Acids À Monomer (building block) = nucleotide Nucleotide made of: i. ii. (5 carbon) iii. À Polymers of Nucleic Acids a) DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) DNA nucleotide has: (deoxyribose),, & [adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), & guanine (G)] DNA is : 2 strands between complementary bases (A with T & C with G) DNA twists into a Always has *different number & arrangements of N-bases b) RNA (ribonucleic acid) sugar (not deoxyribose) Has (U) instead of thymine (T)
DNA vs RNA comparison table Sugar DNA RNA Bases Strands Helix c) ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) Function: Produced during in the Structure: Adenine (a base) + ribose (a sugar) = adenosine ATP ADP + + energy which when broken releases a large amount of energy Functions of nucleic acid polymers: DNA stores and codes for. RNA ATP is the