Neural-Immune Interactions in Brain Function and Alcohol Related Disorders

Neural-Immune Interactions in Brain Function and Alcohol Related Disorders

Changhai Cui Lindsey Grandison Antonio Noronha Editors Neural-Immune Interactions in Brain Function and Alcohol Related Disorders

Editors Changhai Cui Division of Neuroscience and Behavior National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD, USA Lindsey Grandison Division of Neuroscience and Behavior National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD, USA Antonio Noronha Division of Neuroscience and Behavior National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD, USA ISBN 978-1-4614-4728-3 ISBN 978-1-4614-4729-0 (ebook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-4729-0 Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2012947993 Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, speci fi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on micro fi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied speci fi cally for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a speci fi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

Preface Recent studies have provided clear evidence on the role of neural immune interactions in normal brain function and neuropathological conditions. Neuroimmune factors, which play an essential role in neuroin fl ammatory response, have been implicated in the regulation of neuronal function and plasticity. Thus, neural immune interactions provide a new framework for understanding the role of the neuroimmune system in normal brain function, neurodevelopment, and a variety of neurological disorders. These advances have a far-reaching impact on many areas of neuroscience, including alcohol research. Studies using human alcoholic brains, gene knockout mice, and gene expression pro fi ling have established a clear link between alcoholism and an altered neuroimmune pro fi le. This book integrates emerging knowledge on neural immune interactions with key discoveries in alcohol research and provides a comprehensive overview of neural immune interactions in brain function and behavior associated with alcohol use disorders. This book addresses this rapidly developing area of research. It contains three main sections. Section I focuses on the basics of the neuroimmune system and the neuroimmunological alterations that are directly relevant to alcoholism. It integrates the traditional role of the neuroimmune system with emerging novel functions of neuroimmune factors in the brain. This section highlights recent advances in microglia function, neuron glia communication, as well as neural immune interactions in synaptic function, stress, mood disorder, and neuroaids. It also provides a chapter on the clinical detection of brain immune interactions using neuroimaging approaches. Section I sets the foundation for understanding alcohol and neuroimmune interactions, which are primarily presented in the second section. Section II provides a detailed overview of the impact of alcohol exposure on the neuroimmune system as well as the contribution of neural immune interactions to alcohol use disorders. It highlights several key research discoveries in this area in the context of neuroimmune signaling, neurodevelopment, neurotransmission, alcohol drinking behavior, aging, HPA axis, and neuroaids. Section II also discusses the therapeutic potential of targeting neuroimmune modulation for the treatment of alcoholism and substance use. Section III provides a summary and future research directions by the book editors. Collectively, these three sections review exciting advances in v

vi Preface neuroimmune research and summarize current understanding of alcohol and neuroimmune interactions. While this book focuses on neural immune interactions in areas directly related to alcohol use disorders, it is not intended to be all inclusive. Several areas, including sleep disorders, pain, and cholinergic anti-in fl ammatory pathways, are not covered as independent chapters but brie fl y mentioned in the text. The close relevance of these topics to neural immune interactions and alcohol use disorders warrants future discussion and more research efforts. This book will appeal to scientists, students, and educators who are interested in cross disciplinary topics, particularly those in the fi elds of alcohol use disorders, addiction, neuroimmunology, neuroimmune pharmacology, neuropsychopharmacology, and neuroaids. Readers will bene fi t from cutting-edge insights provided by outstanding, active researchers in the fi elds of neural immune interactions and alcohol use disorders. We would like to thank all the scientists who have contributed chapters to this book and those who have provided constructive comments and suggestions for the manuscripts. Bethesda, MD, USA Changhai Cui Lindsey Grandison Antonio Noronha

Contents Section I Neural-Immune Interactions 1 An Introduction to CNS-Resident Microglia: Definitions, Assays, and Functional Roles in Health and Disease... 3 Deirdre S. Davis and Monica J. Carson 2 Astrocyte Neuron Communications... 31 Sally R. McIver, Mathilde Faideau, and Philip G. Haydon 3 Neuroimmune Modulation of Synaptic Function... 65 Horia Pribiag and David Stellwagen 4 Neuroimaging and Clinical Studies on Brain Immune Interactions... 95 Jonas Hannestad 5 Mechanisms of Stress-Dependent Neuroinflammation and Their Implications for Understanding Consequences of Alcohol Exposure... 133 Terrence Deak, Anny Okrainets, and Tamara L. Doremus-Fitzwater 6 Mood Disorders and Immunity... 167 Adam K. Walker, Robert Dantzer, and Keith W. Kelley 7 Neuroimmune Cross Talk and HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders... 211 JoEllyn McMillan and Howard E. Gendelman vii

viii Contents Section II Alcohol and Neuroimmune Interactions 8 Innate Immune Signaling and Alcoholism... 251 Ryan P. Vetreno and Fulton T. Crews 9 Role of Toll-Like Receptor 4 in Alcohol-Induced Neuroinflammation and Behavioral Dysfunctions... 279 Consuelo Guerri and María Pascual 10 Prenatal Alcohol Exposure: Impact on Neuroendocrine Neuroimmune Networks... 307 Tamara Bodnar and Joanne Weinberg 11 Neuroimmune Mechanisms of Glia and Their Interplay with Alcohol Exposure Across the Lifespan... 359 Paul D. Drew and Cynthia J.M. Kane 12 Alcohol Chemokine Interaction and Neurotransmission... 387 Donna L. Gruol 13 Neuroimmune Genes and Alcohol Drinking Behavior... 425 R. Adron Harris and Yuri A. Blednov 14 Immune Responses in HIV Infection, Alcoholism, and Aging: A Neuroimaging Perspective... 441 N.M. Zahr, A. Manning-Bog, C. Alt, E.V. Sullivan, and A. Pfefferbaum 15 Effects of Morphine and Alcohol on the Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal Axis, Immunity, and Cognitive Behavior... 477 Sulie L. Chang and Xiangqian Liu 16 Alcohol Abuse, HIV-1, and Hepatitis C Infection... 509 Yuri Persidsky, Wen-Zhe Ho, Xu Wang, and Raghava Potula 17 Therapeutic Strategies to Treat Alcohol-Related Disorders Targeting Central Immune Signaling... 535 Yue Wu and Mark R. Hutchinson Section III Summary 18 Alcohol and the Neuroimmune Response: Current Status and Future Directions... 563 Lindsey Grandison, Changhai Cui, and Antonio Noronha Index... 573