Name Ms. Gabriel/Mr. McManus Date Period AP Psychology Review Sheet: Sensation and Perception (6-8%) Sensation 1) sensation 2) perception 3) bottom-up processing 4) top-down processing Thresholds 5) psychophysics 6) absolute threshold 7) signal detection theory 8) subliminal 9) difference threshold 10) Ernst Weber 11) Weber s law 12) sensory adaptation
Vision 13) transduction Light Energy 14) wavelength 15) hue 16) intensity The Eye 17) pupil 18) iris 19) lens 20) accommodation 21) retina 22) acuity 23) nearsightedness 24) farsightedness 25) rods
26) cones 27) optic nerve 28) blind spot Visual Information Processing 29) ganglion cells 30) David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel 31) feature detector 32) parallel processing Color Vision 33) Young-Hemholtz trichromatic theory 34) opponent-process theory 35) color constancy Hearing 36) audition Sound Waves 37) frequency 38) pitch
39) decibels The Ear 40) ear drum 41) middle ear 42) inner ear 43) cochlea 44) oval window 45) basilar membrane 46) hair cells 47) place theory 48) frequency theory 49) volley principle 50) How do we locate sounds? Hearing Loss 51) conduction hearing loss
52) sensorineural hearing loss The Other Senses Touch 53) Sense of touch four distinct skin senses Pain 54) tinnitus 55) gate control theory Taste 56) Five basic taste sensations 57) taste buds 58) taste receptor cells 59) sensory interaction 60) McGurk effect Smell 61) olfaction 62) olfactory receptor cells 63) olfactory blub
64) olfactory nerve Body Position and Movement 65) kinesthesis 66) vestibular sense 67) semicircular canals 68) vestibular sacs Not in the Textbook 69) feature detectors Perception Selective Attention 70) selective attention 71) cocktail party effect 72) change blindness 73) visual capture Perceptual Organization 74) gestalt Form Perception 75) figure-ground
76) grouping a) proximity b) similarity c) continuity d) connectedness e) closure Depth Perception 77) depth perception 78) Eleanor Gibson 79) visual cliff Binocular Depth Cues 80) binocular cues a. retinal disparity b. convergence Monocular Depth Cues 81) monocular depth cues
a. relative size b. interposition c. relative clarity d. texture gradient e. relative height f. relative motion (motion parallax) g. linear perspective h. light and shadow 82) motion perception 83) stroboscopic movement 84) phi phenomenon 85) shape constancy 86) size constancy 87) lightness constancy
88) relative luminescence Perceptual Interpretation 89) perceptual adaptation 90) perceptual set Human Factors 91) human factors psychology
Bottom Up vs. Top Down Processing The Eye
The Ear Gestalt Grouping
1) Laura arrives at a park that is located very close to a factory that produces cookies. She immediately notices the strong odor of chocolate chip cookies, but after a while she no longer detects the smell of the cookies. This can best be explained by which of the following? a. accommodation b. sensory adaptation c. Weber s law d. assimilation e. phi phenomenon 2) Zarrin noticed that in the early evening she begins to have difficulty seeing the vibrant colors in her artwork. Which of the following best explains her difficulty? a. Her rods are functioning improperly and are not sensing color. b. Her cones cannot detect color well in dim light. c. Light adaptation prevents sensation of color. d. Lateral antagonism inhibits color sensation. e. Her optic chiasm is not correctly transferring neural impulses. 3) It can be assumed that an individual described as a supertaster a. is a man b. represents a majority of the United States population c. has a low density of taste buds on the tongue d. is very sensitive to hot peppers e. learned to be a supertaster from others 4) Which of the following is the correct path a neural impulse will follow through the different layers of the retina? a. Ganglion cells, bipolar cells, rods and cones, optic nerve b. Bipolar cells, ganglion cells, rods and cones, optic nerve c. Optic nerve, ganglion cells, bipolar cells, rods and cones d. Rods and cones, ganglion cells, bipolar cells, optic nerve e. Rods and cones, bipolar cells, ganglion cells, optic nerve 5) Which of the following theories most accurately explains pitch perception? I. Opponent process II. Frequency III. Place a. I only b. II only c. I and II only d. II and III only e. I, II, and III only 6) When viewed from the window of a moving train, nearby objects seem to pass by more quickly than do more distant objects. This cue for depth perception is called a. Stroboscopic motion b. Motion parallax c. Motion constancy d. Linear perspective e. The Müller-Lyer illusions 7) One-year old Marcus turns away in disgust if a bitter substance is placed on his tongue. The reason for such a reaction is most likely a. an inborn distaste for bitter that protects us from potential poisons in the environment b. an inherited familial characteristic c. an example of imitation of behavior modeled by other family members d. a classically conditioned taste aversion response e. a common but temporary aversion to bitter tastes produced by cold viruses
8) Tina is reading an important letter when she accidentally splashes water on the paper. The water has smudged a few words, but she is still able to understand what the letter says. This can be explained by a. top-down processing b. bottom-up processing c. parallel processing d. retinal disparity e. color constancy 9) Receptors for olfaction are located a. on the basilar membrane of the cochlea b. in taste buds on the tongue c. in the nasal cavity d. in the esophagus e. in the dermis 10) Which of the following is true about the blind spot in the eye? a. It occurs where the optic nerve leaves the eye. b. It is caused by an excess of bipolar cells in the retina. c. It is most apparent in low levels of illumination. d. It is simulated only by high levels of illumination. e. It is caused by a bleaching of rhodopsin in the rods. 11) Ernst Weber s and Gustav Fechner s psychophysical laws concern the relation between which of the following? a. the perceived uniformity and size of stimulus b. the darkness of a room and the time needed for the rods to adjust c. the quality of a stimulus and the likelihood that it is perceived as pleasurable d. the perceived sizes of afterimages projected across different distances e. the intensity of a stimulus and its corresponding psychological sensation 12) The Gestalt principle that refers to an individual s tendency to perceive an incomplete figure as whole is called a. figure-ground b. motion parallax c. closure d. proximity e. shape constancy 13) Feature detectors are neurons that are turned on or off by specific features of visual stimuli like edges and movement. Where in the visual system are these features detectors located? a. occipital cortex b. retina c. optic chiasm d. lens e. cornea 14) An individual s ability to focus on a particular conversation in a noisy and crowded room is called a. auditory localization b. dichotic listening c. deep processing d. divided attention e. selective attention 15) As you watch a friend walk away from you, your retinal image of your friend gets smaller. Despite this, you do not perceive him to be shrinking. This is an example of a. motion parallax b. retinal disparity c. size constancy d. continuity e. common fate
16) Martin fell of his skateboard and badly bruised his elbow. He immediately began rubbing the area around the bruise until the pain subsided. This method of reducing pain can be explained by which of the following? a. gate-control theory b. opponent-process theory c. trichromatic theory d. expectancy theory e. phantom pain