Soil Testing Options in High Tunnels Bruce Hoskins University of Maine hoskins@maine.edu anlab.umesci.maine.edu
High Tunnel Project Yields (avg. yield ~ 3000 lb/1000 sq. ft. => 65 tons/a) Calculated (lb/a) fruit content => 180 N, 30 P, 400-500 K
Unique System Rely on basic soil fertility, as with open field Enhanced daytime air temperature Faster growth rates from more heat units Greater heat gain in soil with black plastic Enhanced mineralization of organic nutrient sources No natural rainfall water must be supplied Better disease control Allows fertigation
Unique Problems Temperature Extremes Requires ventilation May aggravate insect problems Faster growth rates worsen nutrient deficiencies Nutrient salt buildup Faster mineralization, especially under black plastic Carryover of available nitrogen (Nitrate) Enhanced evaporation wicks salts to the surface No natural rainfall to wash (leach) excess nutrients Irrigation usually not sufficient to leach excess salts Evaporation + Transpiration > = Water input
Similar to field production in Irrigated Desert
Soil-Soil Water-Root Relationships Most nutrient uptake as water-soluble ions (+) charge cations (Ca +2 K +1 Mg +2 ) (-) charge anions (NO 3-1 H 2 PO 4-1 SO 4-2 ) Small proportion of total in solution at any time Replenished as solution levels are depleted From cation exchange sites (Ca K Mg) From stable compounds or complexes (P S) From microbial activity/mineralization (N P)
Field Soil Test Traditional soil fertility test Capacity to supply nutrients over entire season Treats soil as a nutrient storehouse Extracts a quantity of available nutrients Correlates well with uptake and yield for the season Regional tests Specific to mineralogy, climate, and nutrient chemistry Morgan/ modified Morgan (ph 4.8) Mehlich 3 (ph 2.5) Olsen + Ammonium acetate (ph7)
Appropriate Testing System for High Tunnels Startup houses Essentially same as open-field soil management Routine field soil test most appropriate Optimize ph, OM, major & micronutrient reserves
Appropriate Testing System for High Tunnels Established houses (1 + years) Salt buildup can be a problem if not uncovered Monitor total salt level to avoid dessication damage Open field soil N management does not apply Monitor nitrate level to avoid over-fertilizing
Hoop House/High Tunnel Package hybrid test 1 Field soil test to address potential deficiencies EC (SME) to monitor total nutrient salt buildup Available nitrogen to address nitrate buildup
Saturated Media Extracts Common Uses 1) Where nutrients applied as water-soluble fertilizers Conventional greenhouse bench crops 2) Where nutrient content exceeds retention capacity High proportion of free salts Soils with accumulated nutrient salts Irrigated desert soils Long-term high tunnels
Saturated Media Extraction - Add water in a closed vessel just to saturation pt. - Automatically accounts for moisture retention - Constant relationship to field capacity (roughly 2X)
Water added at saturation (as % dry soil) Sandy loam: 20 35 % added water Silt loam: 35 50 % added water Organic mixes: > 80 % added water
Long-Term High Tunnel Package hybrid test 2 Continuously-covered houses, usually 3+ years Saturated Media Extraction + Organic matter Water soluble (nutrient intensity) mgt. system UVM interpretation guidelines N-P-K recommendations to adjust SME levels UVM guidelines
Optimum SME Ranges Greenhouse Media (Warnke) NO 3 -N 100 200 ppm P 6 10 ppm K 150 250 ppm Ca > 200 ppm Mg > 70 ppm EC 2.0 3.5 mmhos GH Tomato/Cuke (Wittwer & Honma) ph 5.8 6.8 NO 3 -N 125 200 ppm P 8 13 ppm K 175 275 ppm Ca > 250 ppm Mg > 60 ppm EC 1.5 3.0 mmhos
Optimum SME Ranges GH Tomato/Cuke (Wittwer & Honma) ph 5.8 6.8 NO 3 -N 125 200 ppm P 8 13 ppm K 175 275 ppm Ca > 250 ppm Mg > 60 ppm EC 1.5 3.0 mmhos Current High Tunnel (ME & VT) ph 6.0 7.0 NO 3 -N 100 200 ppm P 1 5 ppm K 150 275 ppm Ca > 250 ppm Mg > 60 ppm EC 2.0 4.0 mmhos
Estimated fertilizer rates to increase SME nutrient levels Pounds/1,000 sq. ft needed to raise N approximately 10 ppm Blood meal 12-0-0 4.2 Soybean meal 7-1-2 7.2 Alfalfa meal 2.5-2-2 20.2 Pounds/1,000 sq. ft needed to raise P approximately 2 ppm Bone char 0-16-0 25 Rock phosphate 0-3-0 133 Pounds/1,000 sq. ft needed to raise K approximately 20 ppm Sul-Po-Mag 0-0-22-11Mg 2.6 Potassium sulfate 0-0-52 1.1 Alfalfa meal 2.5-2-2 28.6 Pounds/1,000 sq. ft needed to raise Ca approximately 25 ppm Calcium sulfate (gypsum) 7.5 Calcitic lime (low Mag) 7.5 Dolomitic lime (hi Mag) 5.3 Adapted from Wittwer & Honma
2011 High Tunnel Calibration Project Pre-plant Analysis Soil Extract Comparison Field Soil vs SME Field Soil Test Dry soil (mg/kg) ID NO3-N P K Mg Ca Na B S Cu Fe Mn Zn R1 116 402 160 1077 12193 176 1.8 357 0.33 7.0 20 13 R2 86 362 154 1074 11074 162 1.7 395 0.35 6.8 19 11 R3 85 383 243 1253 12306 232 1.9 788 0.31 7.9 18 12 R4 117 327 159 988 10847 196 1.5 552 0.29 6.5 15 16 R5 75 319 109 949 11088 105 1.6 204 0.30 5.6 20 12 R6 98 354 126 1043 11489 150 1.6 336 0.27 6.6 19 12 CV -> 18.1 8.9 29.2 9.9 5.4 25.3 8.1 46.6 9.3 11.1 8.9 12.4 Mean-> 96 358 158 1064 11499 170 1.7 439 0.31 6.7 18 13 Ideal -> 30-50 10-20 275-400 250-450 2000-3000 < 200 0.5-1.5 > 25 0.25-0.6 6-10 5-10 1-2 Rating-> High V High Medium V High V High OK High V High OK OK High V High SME Test Extract (mg/l) ID NO3-N P K Mg Ca Na B S Cu Fe Mn Zn R1 86 3.3 16 82 233 77 0.06 179 0.013 1.3 0.13 0.04 R2 75 3.9 21 140 400 104 0.08 407 0.029 2.1 0.20 0.05 R3 70 3.9 49 169 502 140 0.09 524 0.037 1.4 0.10 0.04 R4 105 3.9 28 151 532 130 0.08 485 0.007 2.1 0.15 0.07 R5 68 3.0 9 85 264 55 0.06 210 0.021 1.3 0.12 0.03 R6 76 3.0 9 98 301 70 0.05 257 0.030 1.7 0.13 0.03 CV -> 17.1 12.5 61.4 29.6 32.6 33.9 20.9 40.9 52.9 23.1 24.5 32.7 Mean-> 81 3.6 25 125 386 101 0.07 361 0.021 1.6 0.14 0.05 Ideal -> 100-200 1-5 150-275 > 60 > 250 < 100 0.05-0.50 25-50 0.01-0.5 0.3-5.0 0.1-3.0 0.3-3.0 Rating-> Medium Optimum Low Optimum Optimum OK Optimum V High OK OK OK Low
Soil Extract Comparison Field Soil vs SME Fundamental differences in nutrient pools Exchangeable/extractable vs water soluble (Q vs I) Low quantity = Low intensity Opt/High Quantity may not reflect in Intensity Differences in reporting basis - Dry soil basis (mg/kg) vs extract concentration (mg/l) - Reflected in NO3-N levels SME = variable dilution factor
Current Status High Tunnel Soil Testing For newer houses, routine field soil analysis with additional checks on EC and available nitrogen works well. Continuously covered high-ec houses can be effectively managed using SME testing system. Field soil and SME testing systems access greatly different pools for most nutrients and are reported on a different basis. Each requires discreet interpretation and recommendation systems. Attempts to verify and/or recalibrate existing SME guidelines had limited success. Further studies are needed on lower fertility soils over a full season.
Questions?