A Note to My Students Chapter 8 Water & Minerals: The Ocean Within Please use these lecture notes in addi:on to the previous lecture notes on chapter 8 The material is the same, but has been reorganized so that you can becer understand that nutrients work together to serve a similar purpose/func:on I have added my own thoughts to some of the slides so that you will not miss the main points Email me or have office hours with me if you have any further ques:ons on the material Understanding Minerals Minerals Inorganic Not destroyed by heat, light, acidity, alkalinity Micronutrients (needed in small amounts) Grouped as: 1. Major minerals (>100 mg/day) 2. Trace minerals (<100 mg/day) 1
Minerals in Foods Found in plant (soil) and animal (diet) foods Found in drinking water: sodium, magnesium, fluoride Mineral absorp:on limited by several factors: 1. GI tract length 2. Compe:ng minerals (ex. megadose) 3. High- fiber diet contain phytates (iron, zinc, manganese, calcium) 4. Oxalate (calcium) Major Minerals and Health Mineral status significantly affects health Play cri:cal parts in hypertension and osteoporosis Hypertension Fluid balance (blood, sweat, tears) Sodium, Potassium, and Chloride In our kidney: maintain balance of electrolytes to pull water across a wall of cells from the bloodstream à bladder Hypertension: high blood pressure Diet: High sodium, low potassium More salt à less water removed = higher BP Nerve Impulse Balance Neurons send messages electrical signals using charged chemicals Sodium (Na+): outside Chloride (Cl- ) : outside Potassium (K+): inside Calcium (Ca2+): out, at end of axon 2
11/1/16 Steps: 1. At rest: Na+ is outside, K+ is inside Overall, electrical charge is negative inside than outside 2. Stimulus opens Na+ ion gates: Na+ in 3. Action Potential is created à signal is transmitted Nerve Impulse Balance Transmission of a nerve impulse is rapid and self- propaga:ng (like dominoes) Transmission of nerve impulses depends upon a difference in charge across the cell membrane Muscle Contrac:on and Heart Ac:vity 3
Bone Structure HydroxyapaHte: a crystalline mineral compound of calcium and phosphorous Supplies Ca and P blood and soc :ssues Bone cells Osteoblasts Osteoclasts Fluoride promotes the deposi:on of Ca and P in bones and teeth Blood Calcium Regula:on of blood calcium levels Calcitriol/Vitamin D Parathyroid hormone Calcitonin Why control blood calcium? Important for muscle contrac:on and nerve impulses If too high à non- responsive If too low à spasms, convulsions Regula:on of Blood Calcium and Vitamin D/Calcitriol Regula:on of Blood Calcium (Calcitonin and Parathyroid Hormone) 4
Magnesium Func:on Par:cipates in more than 300 types of enzyme- driven reac:ons such as energy metabolism Cardiac and nerve func:on Main Storage: Bones Sulfur helps proteins maintain their func:onal shapes such as skin, hair, nails Disulfide Bridges Protein Shape Trace Minerals Trace Minerals: Iron, Zinc, Selenium, Iodine, Copper, Manganese, Fluoride, Chromium, Molybdenum Cofactors for enzymes Components of hormones Par:cipate in many chemical reac:on Essen:al for: Growth Immune System 5
Brain and Nervous System Oxygen Transport Hemoglobin vs. Myoglobin Both require iron to help stabilize its structures Nerve cell protec:on Iron helps produce myelin sheath Nerve cell communica:on: Iron helps produce neurotransmicers Iron Deficiency: Iron- deficiency anemia Toxicity: Adult doses can cause poisoning in children Hereditary hemochromatosis a gene:c disorder in which excessive absorp:on of iron results in abnormal iron deposits in the liver and other :ssues. Molybdenum Enzyme cofactor for sulfite oxidase: sulfite à sulfate Sulfur is cri:cal in our ability (cytochrome P450) to detoxify unwanted contaminant in our liver, and to detoxify heavy metals Detoxifica:on 6
An:oxidant Superoxide dimutase (SOD): 1. Cu- Zn SOD 2. Mn- SOD Selenium is part of Glutathione Peroxidase: an:oxidant enzyme Glutathione made from Sulfur Molybdenum: Sulfite à Sulfate Thyroid hormone helps regulate body temperature, basal metabolic rate, reproduc:on, and growth Iodine: thyroid hormone produc:on (T3, T4) Selenium: converts thyroid hormone to its most ac:ve form (T3) Thyroids Iodine and Thyroid Gland Goiter (Iodine Deficiency or Toxicity) 7
CreHnism (Iodine Deficiency during Pregnancy) Severely stunted physical and mental growth due to deficiency of thyroid hormones, usually due to maternal hypothyroidism Other signs: thickened skin, enlarged tongue, or protruding abdomen. Fluoride Func:ons Promotes the deposi:on of calcium and phosphate in bones and teeth Food sources Fluoridated water Balance Excess can cause fluorosis: discolora:on and specks on teeth; weakens teeth. The fluorida:on debate Absorp:on vs. Inhibi:on Fluorosis Fluoridated water responsible for about 40% of fluorosis Fluoridated toothpaste responsible for about 60% of fluorosis Enhances Absorp:on: Vitamin C and Iron Vitamins A, C, E and Selenium Inhibi:on/Compe::on: Copper, Iron, Zinc, (& Calcium) Magnesium, Manganese, Calcium (& Iron) Copper and Molybdenum Oxalate: Calcium (and non- heme iron) Phytates: All the minerals 8
Rela:onships Need vitamins B1, B6, and iron to convert Tryptophan to B3 Copper & Iron Works with ceruloplasmin, a copper- dependent enzyme required for iron transport. Copper & Zinc Wilson s disease (gene:c disorder that increases copper absorp:on) Selenium & Iodine Goiters: Iodine deficiency can be caused by selenium deficiency Arsenic Boron Nickel Silicon Vanadium Other Trace Minerals and Ultratrace Minerals 9