Living in the Tail Pipe Pollution Dispersion and Transport David Waugh Air Quality Sciences Environment Canada Dartmouth, NS

Living in the Tail Pipe Pollution Dispersion and Transport David Waugh Air Quality Sciences Environment Canada Dartmouth, NS NSEL - AQ Forum - March 2006 1 NSEL AQ Forum March - 2006 Photo Courtesy NOAA/NESDIS June 24 2001 (NOAA)

Outline One Atmosphere How Does Pollution Disperse? How Does Pollution Travel Long Distances? How Do We Track Pollution? NSEL - AQ Forum - March 2006 2

One Atmosphere Atmospheric Cycling Relative Wind Speed volcanoes NSEL - AQ Forum - March 2006 3 Courtesy Wikipedia.org

Emissions Man-made and Natural Estimate Release of NO at 1400 EST July 7, 1995 NSEL - AQ Forum - March 2006 4

Average Flow Patterns Courtesy weatherimages.org NSEL - AQ Forum - March 2006 5

Dispersion is affected by SOLAR RADIATION - vertical mixing, mixing height, downward transport from aloft CLOUDS - affect solar radiation, stability, mixing, venting TEMPERATURE - vertical mixing, mixing height WIND - Volume of air for given emission rate, mechanical turbulence, horizontal and vertical mixing. NSEL - AQ Forum - March 2006 6

Temperature Inversions in Winter Topography Courtesy US EPA NSEL - AQ Forum - March 2006 7

Plume Dispersion Looping top view Fanning Courtesy US EPA NSEL - AQ Forum - March 2006 8

Plume Dispersion Fumigation Coning Courtesy US EPA NSEL - AQ Forum - March 2006 9

Plume Dispersion Lofting Courtesy US EPA NSEL - AQ Forum - March 2006 10

Mathematical representation of dispersion in a plume Gaussian Concentration in the vertical Wind Direction Concentration in the horizontal T=t 0 T=t 0 +2 Courtesy Rennselaer Plume Centre-line T=t 0 +4 NSEL - AQ Forum - March 2006 11

Plume Examples NSEL - AQ Forum - March 2006 12

Plume Examples - Quebec Forest Fires - July 6, 2002 Courtesy NOAA NSEL - AQ Forum - March 2006 13

Gobi Dust -April 2001 Transport around the Globe NSEL - AQ Forum - March 2006 14

What causes pollutants to be altered enroute? Impact of the following weather factors Solar radiation -UV -splitting compounds Clouds/Fog - chemistry within droplets Temperature - chemical reaction rates, solubility, condensation of low vapour pressure compounds Humidity - reactions on particles, transfer to and from particles Wind - interaction of sources, dilution of concentration Chemical Changes NSEL - AQ Forum - March 2006 15

Studying air parcel movement using Local Sources Mixing Height Chemistry Chemistry Deposition Precipitation Relative Humidity Clouds Solar Radiation Emissions trajectories NSEL - AQ Forum - March 2006 16

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Deposition (Very weather-dependent part of process) SOLAR RADIATION- surface-layer turbulence TEMPERATURE - surface uptake rate, dew formation, stability, solubility WIND - mechanical turbulence, impaction on surface HUMIDITY - surface wetness, dew, particle diameter, deposition velocity CLOUDS/FOG - rain-out, fog impaction PRECIPITATION - wash-out, wet deposition NSEL - AQ Forum - March 2006 18

Tracking Air Pollution Surface Based monitoring Remote sensing NSEL - AQ Forum - March 2006 19

Ground Based Observation of Ozone AIRnow mapping 100-120 ppb 80-100 ppb 60-80 ppb 40-60 ppb 20-40 ppb < 20 ppb Courtesy US EPA

Ground Based Observation of Particles Good Moderate Unhealthy for sensitive groups Unhealthy Courtesy US EPA NSEL - AQ Forum - March 2006 21

EOS AURA Orbit: Polar: 705 km, sun-synchronous, 98 o inclination, ascending 1:45 PM +/- 15 min. equator crossing time. Launch Vehicle: Delta 7920 from VAFB, July 15, 2004 AURA follows AQUA in the same orbit by 15 minutes. Six Year Spacecraft Life MLS HIRDLS OMI TES Ozone Monitoring Instrument Courtesy NOAA Dr. Bhartia NSEL - AQ Forum - March 2006 22

Satellite view of a volcano plume NSEL - AQ Forum - March 2006 23

Western Fires June 25, 2002 Courtesy NOAA Dr. Bhartia Earth-Probe/TOMS: Aerosol Index NSEL - AQ Forum - March 2006 24

Satellite view of Saharan Dust Storm July 2005 Courtesy NOAA Dr. Bhartia NSEL - AQ Forum - March 2006 25

Mean NO 2 from Satellite - 2003 Courtesy NOAA Dr. Bhartia NSEL - AQ Forum - March 2006 26

Satellite view of NO2 pollution November 12, 2004 Courtesy NOAA Dr. Bhartia NSEL - AQ Forum - March 2006 27

Satellite view of NO 2 Aug 22, 2005 Courtesy NOAA Dr. Bhartia NSEL - AQ Forum - March 2006 28

Satellite View of SO 2 from Large Power Plants Courtesy NOAA Dr. Bhartia NSEL - AQ Forum - March 2006 29

Chemical Model Forecast of Surface Ozone, June 6-14, 1999 MOIP - Nov 2002

Radioactive Substance Release Chernobyl April 25 May 10, 1986 NSEL - AQ Forum - March 2006 31

Dalhousie University LIDAR June 25, 2005 Courtesy Dr. T Duck NSEL - AQ Forum - March 2006 32

Thanks Websites of interest Back or Forward Trajectories: http://www.arl.noaa.gov/hysplitarc-bin/traj1file.pl?metdata=fnl AIRnow Maps of Ozone and PM: http://airnow.gov/index.cfm?action=airnow.currentconditions&regionid=6 Daily Pollution Prediction Model: http://www.msc.ec.gc.ca/aq_smog/chronos_e.cfm Daily Air Quality Forecasts: http://www.msc-smc.ec.gc.ca/aq_smog/index_e.cfm NSEL - AQ Forum - March 2006 33