PEMFIGUS FOLIACEU LA UN PACIENT VÂRSTNIC PEMPHIGUS FOLIACEUS IN AN ELDERLY PATIENT

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CAZURI CLINICE CLINICAL CASES PEMFIGUS FOLIACEU LA UN PACIENT VÂRSTNIC PEMPHIGUS FOLIACEUS IN AN ELDERLY PATIENT MIHAELA ÞOVARU*, DENISA URZICEANU*, DELIA BOTEZATU*, MARIA GRIGORE**, SIMONA ROXANA GEORGESCU* Rezumat Pemfigusul foliaceu este o maladie buloasã autoimunã, rarã, mediatã de anticorpi de tip Ig G4 împotriva desmogleinei 1 (Dsg-1). Prezentãm cazul unui pacient în vârstã de 80 de ani care se interneazã în clinica noastrã pentru o erupþie cutanatã polimorfã, formatã din plãci eritemato-scuamoase la nivelul feþei ºi scalpului, eroziuni acoperite de cruste la nivelul toracelui anterior ºi posterior. Pe baza aspectului clinic, al examenului histopatologic, imunofluorescenþei directe ºi ELISA anti Dsg-1 s-a stabilit diagnosticul de pemfigus foliaceu. Sub tratament local ºi sistemic cu corticoizi evoluþia a fost favorabilã. Cuvinte cheie: pemfigus foliaceu, desmogleina-1, bule superficiale. Intrat în redacþie: 24.03.2016 Acceptat: 21.04.2016 Summary Pemphigus foliaceus is a rare, autoimmune, bullous disease caused by Ig G4 antibodies directed against desmoglein 1 (Dsg-1). We present the case of a 80 year-old male patient who came to our clinic for a polymorphous eruption, formed by erythematous-squamous plaques on the face and scalp, crusty erosions on the anterior and posterior thorax. Based on the clinical appearance, histopathological examination, direct immunofluorescence and ELISA anti Dsg-1 antibodies a diagnosis of pemphigus foliaceus was established. Due to the systemic and topical treatment with corticoids the evolution was good. Key words: pemphigus foliaceus, desmoglein-1, superficial blisters. Received: 24.03.2016 Accepted: 21.04.2016 Introducere Pemfigusul foliaceu este o maladie buloasã autoimunã caracterizatã histologic prin bule intraepidermice superficiale ºi imunologic prin anticorpi de tip Ig G4 împotriva glicoproteinei de adeziune intercelularã, desmogleina 1[1]. Pemfigusul foliaceu este o boalã rarã, incidenþa ºi prevalenþa acestuia la nivel global fiind foarte scãzute. Existã douã subtipuri majore de pemfigus foliaceu, cel sporadic ºi cel endemic (fogo selvagem), întâlnit în special în zonele rurale din Introduction Pemphigus foliaceus is a autoimmune blistering disease characterized by superficial blisters and Ig G4 antibodies directed against the adhesion glycoprotein, desmolgein 1 [1]. Pemphigus foliaceus is a rare disease having a very low worldwide incidence and prevalence. There are two predominant types of pemphigus foliaceus: the sporadic one and the endemic (fogo selvagem), found mainly in the rural areas of Brazil and South Africa [2]. Regarding the * Clinica de Dermato-Venerologie, Spitalul Clinic de Boli Infecþioase ºi Tropicale Dr. Victor Babeº, Bucureºti. Clinical Hospital of Infectious and Tropical Diseases Dr. Victor Babeº, Department of Dermato-Venereology, Bucharest. ** Departamentul de histopatologie, Spitalul Clinic de Boli Infecþioase ºi Tropicale Dr. Victor Babeº, Bucureºti. Clinical Hospital Dr. Victor Babeº, Department of Histopathology, Bucharest. 113

Brazilia ºi în Africa de Sud [2]. În ceea ce priveºte pemfigusul foliaceu sporadic, vârsta medie de apariþie este între 50 ºi 60 de ani, iar distribuþia pe sexe este aproximativ egalã [3]. Clinic, boala se caracterizeazã prin eroziuni acoperite de cruste, situate mai ales la nivelul zonelor seboreice: torace, faþã, scalp, fãrã apariþia leziunilor mucoase. Caz clinic Prezentãm cazul unui pacient în vârstã de 80 de ani care se interneazã în clinica noastrã pentru o erupþie cutanatã polimorfã, diseminatã, pruriginoasã. Examenul clinic local deceleazã papule si placarde eritemato-scuamoase, bine delimitate, localizate la nivelul feþei, ºi scalpului precum ºi eroziuni acoperite de crustã groasã, aderentã pe suprafaþã, situate pe toracele anterior ºi posterior dar ºi pe gambe, fãrã leziuni la nivelul mucoaselor. În pliurile axilare ºi inghinale pacientul prezintã placarde eritematoase, bine delimitate, urât mirositoare. Debutul leziunilor a avut loc în urmã cu aproximativ ºase luni la nivelul feþei ºi scalpului, cu apariþia progresivã pe trunchi, gambe ºi în pliuri. În urma unui consult dermatologic în teritoriu, pacientul a fost diagnosticat pe baza examenului clinic cu lupus eritematos cronic. A urmat cure scurte de Hidroxiclorochinã 400mg /zi precum ºi tratament local cu corticoizi, fãrã ameliorarea leziunilor. În prezent, pacientul nu mai urmeazã niciun tratament la domiciliu de circa o lunã,leziunile extinzându-se; neagã orice altã afecþiune cronicã. Examenul clinic general nu prezintã alte modificãri patologice. Pe baza aspectului clinic diagnosticul de etapã este de pemfigus. S-a practicat biopsie de la nivelul unei leziuni cu examen histopatologic ce a relevat fragment de tegument cu moderatã acantozã ºi papilomatozã; zonã de acantolizã intraepidermicã superficialã (în stratul granulos) ºi subcornoasã; în derm infiltrat dens format din limfocite, histiocite ºi eozinofile, aspectul histopatologic stabilind diagnosticul de pemfigus foliaceu. Imunofluorescenþa directã confirmã diagnosticul, arãtând colorarea fluorescentã în jurul keratinocitelor, de-a lungul întregului epiderm iar ELISA anti Dsg-1 a avut o valoare ridicatã (>100), anti Dsg-3 fiind negativi. Atât parametrii hematologici ºi biologici cât ºi probele sporadic pemphigus foliaceus, the mean age of onset is between 50 and 60 years and the sex distribution is approximately equal [3]. Clinically, the disease is characterized by erosions covered by crust scatterd in a seborrheic distribution: face, scalp, thorax, without any mucosal lesions. Clinical case We present the case of a 80 year-old male patient who came to our clinic for a pruritic, diseminated, polymorphous eruption. The local exam revealed well demarcated, erythematoussquamous papules and plaques located on the face and scalp, also erosions covered by adherent crust on the anterior and posterior thorax and shanks, without any mucosal lesions. In the axillary and inguinal folds the patient had malodorous, well demarcated, erythematous plaques. The lesions started six months ago on the face and scalp, with a progressive spread on the trunk, shanks and folds. The patient was diagnosed by a local dermatologist, based on the clinical appearance, with chronic lupus erythematosus. He was treated with Hydroxychloroquine 400 mg/day and topical corticoids, without having any improvement. At present, the patient hasn t followed any treatment for a month and the lesions became wide-spread during this period. The general examination didn t reveal other pathological findings and the medical history is not relevant. Based on the clinical appearance it was established the diagnosis of pemphigus. We performed a biopsy with histopathological examination which showed papillomatosis and acanthosis; superficial epidermal acantholysis, in the granular layer, and also in the stratum corneum; dermal inflammatory infiltrate with lymphocytes, histiocytes and eosinophils. The histology established the diagnosis of pemphigus foliaceus. The direct immunofluorescence confirms the diagnosis, showing staining around keratinocytes throughout the epidermis and ELISA anti Dsg-1 autoantibodies had a high titer (>100), anti Dsg-3 antibodies were absent. The hematological, biological an immunological test (anti DNA antibodies, ANA, CIC) were within the normal range. We initiated a systemic treatment with Prednison 40 mg/day (0,5 mg/kg/day) which 114

Fig. 1. Plãci eritemato-scuamoase, bine delimitate, localizate la nivelul feþei, scalpului ºi cervical Fig. 1. Well demarcated, erythematous-squamous plaques located on the face, scalp and neck Fig. 2. Eroziuni acoperite de crustã localizate pe toracele posterior Fig. 2. Crusty erosions on the posterior thorax Fig. 3. Eroziuni situate pe toracele anterior Fig. 3. Erosions on the anterior thorax Fig. 4. Placard eritematos, bine delimitat la nivel axilar Fig. 4. Well demarcated, erythematous axillary plaque 115

Fig. 5. HEx10 Acantozã, papilomatozã Fig. 5. Acanthosis, papillomatosis Fig. 6. HEx40 Acantolizã superficialã subcornoasã ºi în stratul granulos Fig. 6. Superficial acantholysis in the stratum corneum and the granular layer Fig. 7. HEx40 Infiltrat dermic dens format din limfocite, histiocite ºi eozinofile Fig. 7. Dermal inflammatory infiltrate composed of lymphocytes, histiocytes and eosinophils imunologice realizate (Ac anti ADN, ANA, celule lupice, CIC) au fost în limite normale. S-a instituit tratament sistemic cu Prednison 40 mg/zi (0,5 mg/kgc/zi) pânã la obþinerea controlului bolii ºi absenþa apariþiei de leziuni noi, apoi s-a început scãderea progresivã a dozelor. S-a asociat ºi tratament local cu dermatocorticoizi potenþi (propionat de clobetasol) ºi antimicotice la nivelul pliurilor. La trei luni de la debut,titrul de Ac anti Dsg-1 avea o valoare la limita superioarã a normalului, iar la ºase luni, acesta era negativ. În prezent, la opt luni de la diagnostic pacientul este în remisiune clinicã ºi imunologicã, fãrã terapie, fiind în continuare dispensarizat în clinica noastrã. was continued until the disease has been in a steady state, without other new lesions. A topical treatment with clobetasol propionate and antifungals (for the folds) was associated. Three months after disease onset the anti Dsg-1 antibodies titer was at the upper limit and six months after it was negative. At present, eight months after diagnosis, the patient is in clinical and immunological remission, without therapy, having periodic follow-ups in our clinic. Discussions Pemphigus foliaceus is an acquired, autoimmune blistering disease in which the body s immune system produces Ig G antibodies 116

Discuþii Pemfigusul foliaceu este o maladie buloasã autoimunã, dobânditã în care sistemul imun produce anticorpi de tip Ig G împotriva glicoproteinei de adeziune intercelularã Dsg-1. Legarea autoanticorpilor de Dsg-1, care este exprimatã, mai ales, în stratul granulos, duce la pierderea adeziunii intercelulare ºi formarea de bule subcornoase la nivelul epidermului. Manifestãrile clinice ale acestui proces vor fi bule superficiale, fragile, care se rup uºor, lãsând în urmã leziuni erozive [2]. Susceptibilitatea de a dezvolta pemfigus foliaceu a fost corelatã cu prezenþa alelelor HLA-DR4, DR-14 ºi DR-1, dar spre deosebire de pemfigusul vulgar nu s-a putut asocia doar o singurã alelã cu apariþia bolii [4]. Existã douã tipuri principale de pemfigus foliaceu: idiopatic, care apare sporadic ºi fogo selvagem, o formã endemicã, ce apare doar în anumite regiuni geografice. Au fost descrise ºi alte variante, mult mai rare de pemfigus foliaceu, precum pemfigusul eritematos (sindromul Senear-Usher) ºi pemfigusul foliaceu indus medicamentos. Dacã înainte pemfigusul IgA ºi pemfigusul herpetiform au fost descrise ca fiind variante de pemfigus foliaceu, în prezent, acestea sunt considerate subtipuri distincte de pemfigus, atât clinic cât ºi histopatologic [5].Vârsta medie de apariþie a bolii pare a varia în funcþie de regiunea geograficã. Dacã în Orientul Mijlociu vârsta de debut este de aproximativ 40 de ani, în Statele Unite ºi Europa s-a demonstrat o vârstã de debut mai mare, între 50 ºi 60 de ani [13]. Vârsta pacientului nostru nu se încadreazã în aceastã medie, fiind mai înaintatã (80 de ani). Debutul leziunilor în pemfigusul foliaceu este, de obicei, insidios, cu leziuni erozive, acoperite de crustã, pe o bazã eritematoasã, având distribuþie seboreicã: faþã, scalp, torace anterior ºi posterior. De cele mai multe ori bulele nu sunt evidente clinic deoarece acantoliza este localizatã superficial iar acestea sunt fragile ºi se rup uºor. Spre deosebire de pemfigusul vulgar, pacienþii cu pemfigus foliaceu nu dezvoltã leziuni la nivelul mucoaselor [6]. Însã, în ambele categorii de pemfigus leziunile pot fi exacerbate de expunerea la radiaþii ultraviolete. Formele uºoare de boalã, cu leziuni eritemato-scuamoase ºi distribuþie pe zonele expuse la soare pot fi diagnosticate eronat against the adhesion glycoprotein, desmoglein 1. The binding of this autoantibodies to Dsg-1, which is mainly expressed in the granular layer of the epidermis, results in the loss of intercellular connections between keratinocytes and formation of subcorneal blisters [2]. Susceptibility to pemphigus foliaceus has been correlated with the presence of the HLA-DR4, DR-14 and DR-1 alleles, but unlike the pemphigus vulgaris no single allele has been associated with the disease [4]. There are two main types of pemphigus foliaceus: idiophatic, which occurs sporadically and fogo selvagem, and endemic form linked to some geographic areas. Other, rarer, variants of pemphigus foliaceus have been described, including pemphigus erythematosus (Senear-Usher syndrome) and drug-induced pemphigus. If previously IgA pemphigus and pemphigus herpetiformis have been described as variants of pemphigus foliaceus in the literature, now these diseases appear to be distinct subtypes of the general pemphigus category, both clinically and histopathologically [5]. The mean age of disease onset varies by region. If in the Middle East the mean age of onset is approximately 40 years, in the Unired States and Europe the average age is between 50 and 60 years [13]. Our patient doesn t fit in this interval, being older (80 year-old). In pemphigus foliaceus the lesions onset is insidious, with crusty erosions on an erythematous base, having a seborrheic distribution: face, scalp, anterior and posterior thorax. Most of the times the blisters are not clinically evident because the acantholysis is superficial and the blisters are fragile and they rupture very easily. Unlike pemphigus vulgaris, the patients with pemphigus foliaceus don t have mucosal lesions [6]. But, in both categories of pemphigus the lesions may be exacerbated by ultraviolet radiations. Mild forms of the disease, with erythematous-squamous lesions and a seborrheic distribution may be mistaken with chronic lupus erythematosus, as happened in our case. There were some drug-induced cases of pemphigus foliaceus reported in the literature. The most commonly involved drugs are penicillamine, rifampicin but also the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, as Captopril, Lisinopril and the angiotensin II 117

ca lupus eritematos cronic, aºa cum s-a întâmplat ºi în cazul pacientului nostru. În literatura de specialitate au fost raportate cazuri de pemfigus foliaceu induse medicamentos. Cele mai frecvent implicate medicamente au fost penicilamina, rifampicina dar ºi inhibitorii de enzimã de conversie, precum Captopril, Enalapril sau Lisinopril, ºi blocanþii receptorilor de angiotensinã II, precum Candesartanul [7]. Deoarece în cazul nostru pacientul nu urma niciun tratament la domiciliu înainte de apariþia erupþiei, cauza medicamentoasã a fost exclusã. Un numãr de boli în continuã creºtere este asociat cu pemfigusul foliaceu, incluzând pemfigoidul bulos, miastenia gravis,timomul, limfoame cu celule B sau T, cancer de prostatã ºi carcinom cutanat spinocelular [2]. Pe baza examenului clinic ºi a investigaþiilor de laborator toate aceste patologii asociate au fost excluse la pacientul în cauzã. Pe lângã aspectul clinic, diagnosticul pemfigusului foliaceu se bazeazã pe alte 3 criterii: examenul histopatologic, imunofluorescenþa directã ºi ELISA anti Dsg. Histopatologia unei leziuni recente aratã acantolizã subcornoasã ºi în stratul granulos. La nivelul bulelor existã cantitãþi variabile de celule acantolitice, neutrofile ºi fibrinã. Leziunile vechi evidenþiazã inflamaþie cronicã, incluzând papilomatozã, acantozã, hiperkeratozã ºi dopuri foliculare. De asemenea, un infiltrat inflamator format din neutrofile, eozinofile ºi limfocite poate fi prezent în cantitãþi variabile [8]. Imunofluorescenþa directã are o sensibilitate între 80 ºi 95% pentru diagnostic ºi evidenþiazã colorarea fluorescentã în jurul keratinocitelor, cunoscutã ca modelul colorãrii spaþiului intercelular, caracteristic tuturor maladiilor de tipul pemfigus. În pemfigusul foliaceu intensitatea fluorescenþei poate fi mai mare la nivelul straturilor superioare ale epidermului datoritã densitãþii crescute ale Dsg-1 la acest nivel [9]. ELISA anti Dsg s-a dovedit a fi o metodã mai specificã ºi sensibilã faþã de imunofluorescenþã în diagnosticul pemfigusului iar titrul anticorpilor se coreleazã cu activitatea bolii. Faþã de imunofluorescenþa indirectã, ELISA poate ajuta la stabilirea diagnosticului diferenþial între pemfigusul vulgar ºi cel foliaceu datoritã profilului diferit de anticorpi întâlnit în aceste maladii. În cele mai multe cazuri ELISA este receptor blockers, as Candesartan [7]. Because or patient hasn t been following any treatment at home before the eruption onset the drug induced mechanism was excluded. A growing number of diseases has been associated with pemphigus foliaceus, including bullous pemphigoid, myasthenia gravis, thymoma, B-cell or T-cell lymphoma, prostate cancer and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma [2]. Based on the clinical examination and laboratory tests all this associated disease were excluded for our patient. Besides the clinical aspect, the diagnosis of pemphigus foliaceus is based on other three criteria: histopathology, direct immunofluorescence and ELISA anti Dsg-1 antibodies. The histology of an early lesion shows subcorneal acantholysis and also ancantholysis in the granular layer.within the blister cavity there are varying amounts of achantolitic cells, neutrophils and fibrin. Older lesions reveal chronic inflammation, including papillomatosis, acanthosis, hyperkeratosis and follicular plugging. Also, an inflammatory infiltrate composed of neutrophils, eosinophils and lymphocytes may be present in variable amounts [8]. The direct immunofluorescence has a diagnosis sensitivity between 80 and 95% and shows a pattern characterized by fluorescent staining around keratinocytes, which is known as the intercellular space staining pattern, representative of all pemphigus disease. In pemphigus foliaceus the staining intensity may be greater in the upper layers of the epidermis due to the increased density of Dsg-1 and subsequent antibodies deposition at this level [9]. ELISA anti Dsg has proved to be more specific and sensitive than immunofluorescence for diagnosis of pemphigus and the antibodies titer correlates with the disease activity. Compared to indirect immunofluorescence ELISA can help differentiate between pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus due to different autoantigens profiles in these two diseases. In most cases ELISA is positive for anti Dsg-1 and anti Dsg-3 in pemphigus vulgaris and is positive only for Dsg-1 in pemphigus foliaceus [12]. The differential diagnosis of pemphigus foliaceus includes bullous impetigo, IgA pemphigus, pemphigus herpetiformis, drug eruptions and lupus erythematosus. If there are squamous lesions or thick crusts located on the 118

pozitivã pentru anti Dsg-1 ºi anti Dsg-3 în pemfigusul vulgar ºi doar pentru anti Dsg-1 în pemfigusul foliaceu[12].diagnosticul diferenþial al pemfigusului foliaceu include impetigo bulos, pemfigus cu Ig A, pemfigus herpetiform, erupþii postmedicamentoase ºi lupusul eritematos. Dacã leziunile sunt de tip scuamos sau sunt acoperite de cruste groase, având localizare doar la nivelul feþei ºi scalpului trebuie exclusã dermatita seboreicã [2]. Pemfigusul foliaceu este considerat o boalã benignã, care rãspunde favorabil la tratament ºi care se poate remite, având un prognostic mult mai bun faþã de pemfigusul vulgar. Cu toate acestea, asemenea pemfigusului vulgar poate prezenta o evoluþie cronicã, cu perioade de remisie ºi multiple recãderi. În cazuri foarte rare pemfigusul foliaceu poate evolua atât clinic cât ºi imunopatologic spre pemfigus vulgar [10]. Tratamentul standard în pemfigusul foliaceu este reprezentat de corticoizii sistemici, cel mai frecvent Prednison în dozã de 0,5 mg/kg/zi. Agenþii imunosupresori, precum Azatioprina sau Ciclofosfamida, sunt eficienþi ca adjuvanþi la terapia cu cortizon în cazurile severe. Dapsona 100-300 mg/zi în monoterapie sau asociatã cortizonului poate fi o alternativã terapeuticã. Pentru formele uºoare de pemfigus foliaceu tratamentul local cu corticoizi este de cele mai multe ori suficient [11]. În cazul pacientului nostru, chiar dacã are o vârstã înaintatã, absenþa patologiei asociate a fãcut ca terapia cortizonicã sã fie bine toleratã. Evoluþia a fost favorabilã, cu întreruperea terapiei la circa ºase luni, când titrul de anticorpi anti Dsg-1 s-a normalizat. În prezent este în remisiune clinicã ºi imunologicã, fãrã terapie, fiind dispensarizat în clinica noastrã. Concluzii Pemfigusul foliaceu este o maladie buloasã autoimunã, rarã, cu un prognostic favorabil. Caracteristicile clinice nu sunt reprezentate de bule în tensiune, ci de eroziuni acoperite de cruste sau scuame, distribuite pe zonele seboreice, fãrã afectarea mucoaselor. Diagnosticul pemfigusului foliaceu se bazeazã pe mai multe criterii: clinic, histopatologic, aspectul imunofluorescenþei directe ºi titrul de Ac anti Dsg-1. Deºi nu existã un consens global în ceea ce face and scalp seborrheic dermatits must be excluded [2]. Pemphigus foliaceus is considered a benign disease which responds well to treatment and may remit, having a better prognosis than pemphigus vulgaris. However, like pemphigus vulgaris, pemphigus foliaceus may have a chronic evolution with multiple relapses and remissions. In some rare cases pemphigus foliaceus may transform both clinically and immunologically to pemphigus vulgaris [10]. The standard treatment in pemphigus foliaceus is systemic corticoids, most frequently Prednison 0,5 mg/kg/day. The immunosuppressive agents, such as Azathioprine or Cyclophosphamide are effective adjuncts for oral steroids in severe cases. Dapsone 100-300 mg/day may be effective as a monotherapy or given in combination with oral steroids. For the mild forms of pemphigus foliaceus topical corticoids are usually enough [10]. In our case, even though the patient was older,the absence of other comorbidities made the cortisone treatment well tolerated. The evolution was good; the treatment was stopped after six months when the anti Dsg-1 antibodies titer was normal. At present, the patient is in clinical and immunological remission, without therapy, having periodic follow-ups in our clinic. Conclusions Pemphigus foliaceus is a rare autoimmune bilstering disease with a good prognosis. The clinical findings are not represented by tense bullae, but crusty or squamous erosions scattered in a seborrheic distribution, without mucosal involvement. The diagnosis is based on multiple criteria: clinical, histopathological, the direct immunofluorescence aspect and the titer of anti Dsg-1 antibodies. Although there is no global consensus regarding the treatment of pemphigus foliaceus, most of the times the patients respond very well to cortisone therapy, both systemic and topical. Because the lesions tend to occur on the sun exposed areas of the body the differential diagnosis of chronic lupus erythematosus is important to be made. We reported the case of an elderly patient, without other comorbidities, diagnosed on clinical and para-clinical criteria with pemphigus 119

priveºte tratamentul pemfigusului foliaceu, de cele mai multe ori pacienþii rãspund favorabil la tratamentul cu cortizon, atât sistemic cât ºi local. Datoritã apariþiei leziunilor pe regiunile anatomice fotoexpuse diagnosticul diferenþial cu lupusul eritematos cronic este important de realizat. Am raportat cazul unui pacient vârstnic, fãrã alte comorbiditãþi, diagnosticat pe criterii clinice ºi paraclinice cu pemfigus foliaceu, al cãrui rãspuns la tratamentul sistemic ºi local cu corticoizi a fost favorabil, atât din punct de vedere clinic - fãrã apariþia de leziuni noi ºi vindecarea celor vechi - cât ºi imunologicnormalizarea titrului de anticorpi anti Dsg-1. foliaceus, whose response to systemic and topical treatment with corticoids was good, both clinically- without any new lesions and the healing of the old ones- and immunologicallyanti Dsg-1 titer within the normal range. Bibliografie/ Bibliography 1. Danielle Malheiros, Rodrigo A. Panepucci, Ana M. Roselino,Amelia G. Araujo, Marco A. Zagoand Maria Luiza Petzl-Erler. Genome-wide gene expression profiling reveals unsuspected molecular alterations in pemphigus foliaceus. 2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Immunology, 143, 381 395. 2. Kirk A. James, Donna A. Culton,Luis A. Diaz. Diagnosis and Clinical Features of Pemphigus Foliaceus, Dermatol Clin 29 (2011) 405 412,doi:10.1016/j.det.2011.03.012. I. Clinical features and immunopathology. J Am Acad Dermatol 1989; 20:657 69. 3. Jean L Bolognia, Joseph L Jorizzo, Ronald P Rapini, Dermatology, Second edition. Mosby Elsevier, 2008. 4. Tron F, Gilbert D, Mouquet H et al. Genetic factors in pemphigus. J Autoimmun 2005; 24: 319 28. 5. Robinson ND, Hashimoto T, Amagai M, et al. The new pemphigus variants. J Am Acad Dermatol 1999;40:649 71. 6. Lever W. Pemphigus and Pemphigoid. Springfi eld: Thomas, 1965. 7. Brenner S, Bialy-Golan A, Ruocco V. Drug-induced pemphigus. Clin Dermatol 1998;16:393 7. 8. Furtado T. Histopathology of pemphigus foliaceus. Arch Dermatol 1959;80:66. 9. Rodriguez J, Bystryn JC. Pemphigus foliaceus associated with absence of intercellular antigens in lower layers of epidermis. Arch Dermatol 1977;113:1696 9. 10. Zaraa I, Mokni M, Hsairi M et al. Pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus: similar prognosis? Int J Dermatol 2007; 46: 923 6. 11. Sami N, Qureshi A, Ahmed AR. Steroid sparing effect of intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in patients with pemphigus foliaceus. Eur J Dermatol 2002; 12:174 8. 12. Amagai M et al: Usefulness of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using recombinant desmogleins 1 and 3 for serodiagnosis of pemphigus. Br J Dermatol 140: 351, 1999. 13. Lowell A. Goldsmith, Stephen I. Katz, Barbara A. Gilchrest, Amy S. Paller, David J. Leffell, Klaus Wolff. Fitzpatrick s Dermatology in general medicine. Mc Graw Hill 2012 (8 th edition). Conflict de interese NEDECLARATE Conflict of interest NONE DECLARED Adresa de corespondenþã: Correspondance address: Spitalul Clinic de Boli Infecþioase ºi Tropicale Dr. Victor Babeº, Bucureºti ªos. Mihai Bravu nr 281, e-mail: denisa89_u@yahoo.com Hospital for Infectious and Tropical Diseases Dr. Victor Babes, Bucharest Sos. Mihai Bravu 281, e-mail: denisa89_u@yahoo.com 120