BEST: International Journal of Humanities, Arts, Medicine and Sciences (BEST: IJHAMS) Vol. 1, Issue 3, Dec 2013, 17-30 BEST Journals ETHNOBOTANICAL STUDIES ON PLANT RESOURCES OF TRICHIRAPALLI DISTRICT TAMILNADU, INDIA P. DURAIRAJ & M. KAMARAJ PG and Research, Department of Botany, Jamal Mohamed College, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India ABSTRACT The present ethno-botanical survey conducted in forest areas of Tiruchirapalli district resulted in the information about traditional plant uses of 197 plants species belonging to 168 genera distributed in 78 families. Of these, highest number of species belongs to Fabaceae with 18 species, 13 species to Euphorbiaceae, 9 species to Acanthaceae and Asclepiadaceae each. Information gathered from Tiruchirapalli district point to that the ethinic people, and other village people of this region possess good knowledge of herbal medicine, but their continuous and progressive exposure to modernization may result in extinction of the such rich traditional of knowledge in the course of time. Diseases / ailments found prevalent in the area are Piels, Jaundice, Dysentery, Bone fracture, diabetes, skin diseases, Asthma, kidney stone, tooth ache, fever and wounds. Majority of preparation are from leaves and some are of underground parts (like root, rhizome, tuber, etc). Following data includes botanical name of species, vernacular name family, plant part used method of medicine and details about its application. Among the plant parts used in different formulations, leaves are abundantly used which is followed by roots and whole plant. KEYWORDS: Traditional Uses, Ethinic People, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu INTRODUCTION Indigenous knowledge can be defined as knowledge of the people living together in a certain area, generated by their own and their ancestors, experience, including knowledge originated from elsewhere which has to be internalized by the local people knowledge of traditional medicine is important for sustaining their development and utilization. In India, it is reported that traditional healers use 2500 plant species and 100 species of plants serve as regular sources of medicine (Pei, 2001). During last few decades there has been an increasing in the study of medicinal plants and their traditional use in different parts of the world (Lev, 2006). Herbal remedies are considered the oldest forms of health care known to mankind on this earth earlier to the development of modern medicine, the traditional systems of medicine that have evolved over the centuries within various communities, are still maintained as a great traditional knowledge base in herbal medicines (Mukherjee and Wahil, 2006). Traditionally, this treasure of knowledge has been passed on orally from generation to generation without any written document (Perumal Samy and Ignacimuthu, 2000) and is still retained by various ethenic groups around the world. Documenting the indigenous knowledge through ethnobotanical studies is important for the conservation and utilization of plant resources. The field survey has been found to be one of the reliable approaches to drug discovery (Fabricant and Farnsworth, 2001). Several active compounds have been discovered from plants on the basis of ethnobotanical information and used directly as patented drugs (Carney et al., 1999). As indigenous cultures are intimately maintained by the tribal and other forest dwellers all over the world, the ethnobotanical investigation is a prerequisite for any developmental planning
18 P. Durairaj & M. Kamaraj concerned with the welfare of tribal and their environment. It is an urgent, requirement to record as quickly as possible all information about plants and the role of tribes in conserving them. The main focus of the present study is to ascertain the detailed information on the use of plants and their remedial practices among malialis tribals and forest dwellers of Tiruchirapalli district, Tamil Nadu. MATERIALS AND METHODS Study Area Tiruchirapalli Forest covering areas of various forest types consisting of valuable floral species of medicinal value. However, the species composition particularly of trees, herbs, shrubs, climbers and other ground flora have, not yet been inventorised in totality till date, except secondary data form taxonomic literatures by botanist and name of a few species in earlier working plans in the Forest Departments. The total geographical area of the district is 440383 hectare out of this 45,272.29ha is Reserve Forests and 1034.58 ha is Reserve lands. An area of 1636.66 ha of Tiruchirapalli Range has been leased out to Tamil Nadu Forest plantation Corporation Ltd. Boundaries The district is situated between 78 o 10 to 79 o 5. East longitudes and 10 o 15 and 11 o 2 North latitude. Geo Code: East longitude 78 o 10 to 79 o 5 North latitude 10 o 15 to 11 o 2 Tiruchirapalli District most centrally located in the state of Tamil Nadu. This figure 1 is bounded on the north by Perambalur district, Northwest by Namakkal district, East by Thanjavur district, West by Karur district, South-East by Pudukkottai district, and South by Sivagangai and Madurai district Topography Tiruchirapalli district is irregular in shape. Barring few hills and hillocks, the district is composed of plains, valley bottoms, undulating upland area and broken chain of Eastern Ghats viz., Pachchamalai hills, Semmalai hills RFs and Ayyalur hill RFs. Part of Pachchamalai hills in Musiri taluk. Musiri and Thuraiyur taluk present a gently undulating upland area. Lalgudi taluk is fairly plain. North and North-western parts of Tiruchirapalli present a vast stretch of flat flood plain of Cauvery alluvium with morphology associated with meandering river system. The southern and south Eastern parts present undulating plains to level plain topography. The important feature of Tiruchirapalli Forest area is that it consists of large number of widely scattered forest blocks of varying size and importance. The forests of this division may be broadly divided in the following groups: The Southern Pachchamalais. The hills of Manapparai Range. The scattered bits of plain forests. The Southern Pachchamalais The hills are situated on the north western border of Tiruchirapalli district and extend to the adjoining Salem district. The boundary between Tiruchirapalli and Namakkal districts passes across the plateau of Pachchamalais leaving only the southern portion in Tiruchirapalli division. The whole of southern slopes and parts of the eastern and western slopes of Pachchamalais fall within Tiruchirapalli district. The northern portions of Pachchamalais fall within Attur taluk
Ethnobotanical Studies on Plant Resources of Trichirapalli District Tamil Nadu, India 19 of Namakkal district. The Pachchamalais of Tiruchirapalli Forest division are separated from Kollimalais of Namakkal district by the narrow Thammampatti valley. The elevation of the Pachchamalais varies from 500mts. to 1000mts. The slopes of the hills are generally steep and sometimes precipitous. The Hills of Manapparai Range The hill of Manapparai consists of groups of small isolated hills sometimes forming small ranges in the western portion of the division. The hills extend westwards into the forests of Ayyalur Range of Dindigul division and towards south east into the forests of Pudukkottai district. The elevation of these hills varies from 300 mts. to 800 mts. This includes parts of Eastern ghats area viz; Ayyalur hill RFs & Semmalai hill RFs. The Plain Forests This comprise most of the forests of all the ex-zamin and ex-panchayat forests of Tiruchirapalli district, namely, those of erst-while Marungapuri and Thuraiyur zamins and plain forest areas in Tiruchirappalli taluk. The terrain is generally flat and undulating excepting a few isolated hills. Padugai Forests These forests are scattered along the banks of rivers Cauvery and Coleroon and extend from a point about 40 kilometers south of Erode to Lower Anaicut. The average elevation of these forests lands varies from 70 to 80 metres above mean sea level. Figure 1: Location of the Study Area
20 P. Durairaj & M. Kamaraj METHODALOGY The present investigation was undertaken as a view to study the number of People from Tiruchirapalli Dt, Tamilnadu. A good number of aboriginal inhabitants at the study areas. These people maintaining their own identify in terms of cultural aspects. The field work in village areas is the most important part of all ethnobotanical studies. Before starting this work the necessary information s were collected through the revenue records. Mainly two methods were adapted in collecting Ethnobotanical information from people. The first step in Ethnobotanical work is to identify plants with the help of the local inhabitants and the details of population, area of distribution of the People. The second step is that the plants near the hamlets were collected and brought to the physician s house. Every plant was shown to him one after another and recorded utility of plants. The people are highly reserved, so the adequate information gathering is highly difficult from them. Although, both methods and steps were used in the present field work. The first step is more promising as it is not necessary to collect all the plants of an area. Local names were recorded in variably for the species collected; these will be useful in referring to the same plants again. These filed visits were carried out with the help of local informants. With the help of highly experienced old tribal people the utility of plants which are found in and around the hamlets were collected and studied. The voucher specimens were collected and their local names were noted and the uses of parts such as leaves, fruits, roots etc were recored. The specimens were pressed with the help of blotting papers and news papers and then the specimens were poisoned. The right specimens were then made into herbarium. The plant collected were given a field number identified with the help of Flora of the TN Carnatic and by comparing authentic sheets available in the Rapinate Herbarium of the St Josephs College. The specimens are pasted in herbarium boards and stitched with the help of thin threads. The data were labeled in herbarium boards. To each specimen a short description regarding the use and the method of application is noted. Plants are poisoned with the help of saturated solution containing 5 gms of mercuric chloride dissolved in one litre of rectified spirit. The barks, fruits and dried inflorescence were preserved using saturated solution of 30% Formaldehyde, 10 gms of copper sulphate, 1 gm of mercuric chloride and 20 gms of Allum crystals. Seeds and millets were preserved with the help of saturated solution of methylated spirit and mercuric chloride. They were then placed in polythene bags. The herbarium specimens are deposited in the herbarium of the Department of Botany, Jamal Mohamed College, and Tiruchirapalli-20 for future reference. During the field trips photographs of the tribal hut, tribal people and some of the plants and their products were taken with the help of PENTAX A-3000 Camera for future reference. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The result of this study have revealed 197 plants species belonging to 168 genera distributed in 78 families of these, highest number of species belongs to Fabaceae with 18 species, 13 species to Euphorbiaceae, 9 species to Acanthaceae and Asclepiadaceae each that are used for various purposes by herbalists, traditional healers and Forest dwellers of Tiruchirappalli district (table 1). The representing plants are mostly used to cure skin diseases, jaundice, cough, wounds, urinary problems and an antidote for poison bites. The life forms are analysed and found that there are 56 herbs (29%), 40 shrubs 57(29%), 48 trees (24%) and 36 Climbers (18%), out of 151 plants (figure 2)
Ethnobotanical Studies on Plant Resources of Trichirapalli District Tamil Nadu, India 21 Figure 2: The Life Forms in the Study Area Table 1
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Ethnobotanical Studies on Plant Resources of Trichirapalli District Tamil Nadu, India 29 Leaves are the most widely (45%) used plant part of the reported medicinal plants, followed by roots (11%), whole plant (11%) Bark (10%) Stem (6%) fruit (5%) and seed (4%). A majority of remedies are prepared in the form of extract or juice followed by paste, powder form, decoction and from freshly collected plant parts. For few remedies, medicines are prepared after drying and the administration includes inhalation, oral administration and Most of the ailment such as skin diseases, dog bites and wounds can be cured by external application and internal consumption of the preparations were also involved in the treatment of diseases like stomachache, diarrhoea and urinary problems. The local people of the tiruchirappalli district prescribed the medicinally important plants either as single or as in combination with other plants to cure suffering of the people from illness. An interesting observation was that some of the documented medicinal plants such as Acorus calamus L., Aerva lanata (L.) Juss.ex Schult, Andrographis paniculata, Cassia alata and Amaranthus spinosus Linn. were found to be practiced as important medicinal plants in study area for the treatment of diseases like kidney stone, diabetes, headache, dysentery and stomach ulcer, and skinrashes. It is observed from the study that, most of the rural people in this area cultivate some of the common medicinal plants in their home gardens either for medicinal use or for use as vegetables which play a significant role among them and indicated that, the study area has a wide spectrum of medicinal plants to treat various human ailments. CONCLUSIONS This study provides an ethnobotanical data of the medicinal plants used by the people to cure different diseases. Thus, the purpose of standardizing traditional remedies is essential to ensure therapeutic efficacy where the value of ethnomedicinal information in modern pharmacology lies in the development of new drugs. It may be some significance that this study generated a broad spectrum of information concerning the use of medicinal plants by local people. REFERENCES 1. Ayyanar, M. and Ignacimuthu, S. 2005. Traditional knowledge of Kani tribals in Kouthalai of Tirunelveli hills, Tamil Nadu, India. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 102: 246-255. 2. Carney, J.R., Krenishky, J.M., Williamson, R.T., Luo, J., Carlson, T.J., Hsu, V.L. and Moswa, J.L. 1999. Maprouneacin, a new daphnane diterpenoid with potent antihyperglycemic activity from Maprounea africana. Journal of Natural products 62: 345-347. 3. Chellaiah Muthu, Muniappan Ayyanar, Nagappan Raja and Savarimuthu Ignacimuthu, 2006. Medicinal plants used by traditional healers in Kancheepuram district of Tamil Nadu, India. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 2: 43 4. Fabricant, D.S. and Farnsworth, N.R. 2001. The value of plants used in traditional medicine for drug discovery. Environmental Health perspectives (supplement) 109: 69-75. 5. Ganesan, S., Suresh, N. and Kesavan, L. 2004. Ethnomedicinal survey of lower palni Hills of Tamil Nadu. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 3(3): 299-304. 6. Grierson, D.S. and Afolayan, A.J. 1999. An ethnobotanical study of plants for the treatment of wounds in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Jounal of Ethnopharmacology 67: 327-332 7. Harsha, V.H., Hebber, S.S., Shripathi, V., Hedge, G.R., 2003. Ethnomedicobotany of Uttat Kannada District in Karnataka, India-plants in treatment of skin diseases. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 84(1): 37-40
30 P. Durairaj & M. Kamaraj 8. Jain, S.K. 2001. Ethnobotany in modern India. Phytomorphology golden jublee Issue, Trends in plant science 39-54 9. Lev, E. 2006. Ethno-diversity within current ethno-pharmacology as part of Israeli traditional medicine-a review. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 2: 4 10. Mukherjee, P.K. and Wahil, A. 2006. Integrated approaches towards drug development from Ayurveda and other systems of medicine. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 103: 25-35. 11. Perumal Samy, R. and Ignacimuthu, S. 2000. Antibacterial activity of some folklore medicinal plants used by tribals in Western Ghats of India. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 69: 63-71. 12. Pei, S.J., 2001. Ethnobotanical approaches of traditional medicine studies: some experiences from Asia. Pharmaceutical Biology39: 74-79. 13. Sandhya, B., Thomas, S., Isabel, W. and Shenbagarathai, R. 2006. Ethnomedicinal plants used by the Valaiyan community of Piranmalai hills (Reserved forest), Tamil Nadu, India-A pilot study. African Journal of Traditional CAM 3(1): 101-114. 14. Samvatsar, S. and Diwanji, V.B. 2000. Plant sources for the treatment of jaundice in the tribals of wesern Madhya Pradesh of India. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 73: 313-316