Recent changes and new trends observed regarding drug use

Recent changes and new trends observed regarding drug use

Recent changes and new trends in drug use General Population 15 to 64 years old Prev.% 2012 Prev. %2014 Var. Illegal 9.34 13.39 43.3% Marijuanas 7.47 11.83 58.3% Marijuana 7.38 11.77 59.5% Hashish 0.33 0.78 134.6% Opioids 0.28 0.58 104.2% Heroin <0.1 0.02 - Analgesics s/r 0.28 0.56 96.3% Cocaine total 1.21 1.73 44.0% Cocaine 0.92 1.46 59.2% Crack <0.01 0.01 - Base paste 0.45 0.49 8.7% Stimulants Total 0.4 0.33-17.6% Amphetamines 0.08 0.06-32.7% Methamphetamines 0.02 0.05 221.4% Ecstasy 0.05 0.08 47.6% Stimulants s/r 0.25 0.14-43.7% tranquilisers s/r 1.53 1.2-21.4% Hallucinogens 0.29 0.57 98.9% LSD 0.17 0.51 200.4% Inhalants 0.08 0.08 1.9% UNODC standard to assess changes in prevalences Criteria Variation Stable <5% Certain change [5%,10%] Big change (10%,00) Small Phenomena (PBC last year = 0.5%, THC last year = 11.3%, COC last year = 1.4%) Absolute error ENPG 2014 for PBC + THC + COC sometime in life = 1.4%

Recent changes and new trends in drug use Synthetic drugs in Chile In studies in the general population, the separate measurement of amphetamines, methamphetamines and ecstasy is considered, as well as the incorporation of emerging substances such as Mephedrone, Methylone (synthetic catinones, known as bath salts), NBOMes (phenylethylamines), among others. Since 2014, the list is updated with national and international experts for the update of the list of drugs to be investigated In the instrument of the 2014 ENPG, the following drugs that can be cataloged as synthetic drugs are available: Cannabinoids or synthetic marijuana, Ecstasy, Methamphetamine, LSD, Angel powder, 25B-NBOMe or 25C-NBOMe, Poppers, Ketamine Mephedrone, Methylone (synthetic cathinones, known as bath salts)

Recent changes and new trends in drug use Prevalence and number of users at some point in life for synthetic drugs group, by substance. National Study on Drugs in the General Population. Chile, 2010-2014 Life Prevalence 2014 2012 2010 N Prev.% N Prev.% N Prev.% Synthetic marijuana 150,476 1.53 Ecstasy (MDMA) 35,976 0.37 41,919 0.43 43,186 0.45 Methamphetamine 12,835 0.13 16,105 0.17 4,203 0.04 LSD 69,586 0.71 55,541 0.57 25,066 0.26 Angel powder 5,734 0.06 10,493 0.11 2,550 0.03 25B-NBOMe o 25C- NBome 711 0.01 Poppers 12,144 0.12 8,575 0.09 3,382 0.04 Ketamine 1,936 0.02 12,778 0.13 259 0 Mephedrone, Methylone 2,585 0.03 2,088 0.02 Total synthetic drugs 235,357 2.39 89,040 0.91 61,747 0.65

Recent changes and new trends have been observed in the drug market Seizures of New Psychoactive Substances evolution, per year NPS classification according to UNODC criteria: - Synthetics cannabinoids -Substances like phencyclidine and ketamine -Fenylethylamines In addition to other drugs not included in any of the groups considered by the aforementioned international organisation

Drug related social and health consequences Number of adolescent offenders admitted to treatment for alcohol and drugs, by primary substance Alcohol Marihuana Pasta base Cocaína Otros Sedantes-Tranquilizantes Social decriminalisation of the use of marijuana Sustained increase in last year use prevalences in school population (2007: 15.6% 2011: 19.5% 2015: 34.2%) Decrease in risk perceptions of experimental use (2007: 29.6% 2011: 17.0% 2015: 11.4%) 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 "But above all, the social decriminalisation that is the basis of acceptance, brings with it the nonconformity or contradiction between the social and the legal: what is legally punished is no longer punished socially. In such case, the effectiveness of the legal law is, with respect to the control of the practice, close to zero. Report «Estudio: Percepción social de la marihuana en jóvenes», SENDA 2014

Drug related social and health consequences Studies In 2017, a qualitative study of characterisation of the population of the Metropolitan Region consuming synthetic drugs is being developed Specific objectives: Know the patterns of use of synthetic drugs: frequency of use, intensity, combination with other drugs, safety measures. 1. Know the main associated motivations and utility function associated with the use of synthetic drugs. 2. Know the contexts in which use occurs: identify and describe the places and situations where consumption is recorded. 3. Estimate the amounts of money intended for use and know the forms of financing. 4. Know the mechanisms used for the provision of the substance: types of suppliers, situations in which they are provided. 5. Socio - demographic characteristics of the population consuming synthetic drugs according to the variables sex, age, socioeconomic characteristics, educational level, place of residence, antisocial behavior, among others. 6. Identify the factors associated with use. 7. Describe and analyse the social representations of drug use and ecstasy in particular.

Recent changes in drug policy

(Translated from original) On March 22, 2016, the Supreme Court of Justice has ruled that it is not for the police that perform preventive patrols to enter dwellings, confiscate plants and arrest their owners just because they have observed that there are Cannabis Sativa plants cultivating inside, said the ruling. The controversy takes place after Carabineros and the PDI detained some citizens with the criterion of observations or denunciations of cannabis sativa plants grown in their gardens or pots inside their houses. With this, the Supreme Court said that this does not imply any limitation to the powers of the Public Ministry to investigate and prosecute illicit drug trafficking crimes, but it reaffirms the validity of the principles of innocence and proportionality. This is explained by the fact that measures of entry, registration and detention - for entering into considerable tension with constitutional guarantees - must always be the last resort to be used by those who pursue the crimes. Except in the case of flagrancy in the commission of a crime; that is, a fact so evident that it does not need further proof, they added. Second, the Supreme Court points out that in order to prove the illegal end of these plantations, other indications are necessary, in addition to the simple observation, such as the presence of materials necessary for marketing and/or witnesses that account for actions of sale, among others, he added. Only the existence of these evidences of illegality can motivate the police to implement intrusive measures such as entry, registration, seizure of plants and detention of persons, they concluded.

Recent changes in drug policy Table of New Psychoactive Substances 25 new substances are incorporated into Regulation No. 867 associated with Law No. 20,000 that sanctions illegal trafficking (inter-institutional coordination). The presence of the National Board of New Psychoactive Substances is recognised as an active part of the research process and the inclusion of new substances. Draft Report Periodicity: once a year the list of drugs investigated by Law No. 20,000 is updated

Thank you Esteban Pizarro, Area of Studies SENDA epizarro@senda.gob.cl