ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTION Apolipoprotein E 4 Is a Determinant for Alzheimer-Type Pathologic Features in Tauopathies, Synucleinopathies, and Frontotemporal Degeneration Keith A. Josephs, MST, MD; Yoshio Tsuboi, MD; Natalie Cookson, BSc; Hilary Watt, MSc; Dennis W. Dickson, MD Objectives: To determine if apolipoprotein E ε4 influences the frequency of in tauopathies, synucleinopathies, and frontotemporal degeneration and to determine if the frequency of in synucleinopathies is similar to the frequency of such in tauopathies and frontotemporal degeneration. Methods: A total of 285 patients with pathologically proven neurodegenerative disorders, including diffuse and transitional Lewy body disease, frontotemporal degeneration, progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration, and multiple system atrophy, with a mean age of 75.1±9.3 years, were suitable for genetic and pathological analysis. Disorders were grouped as tauopathies (progressive supranuclear palsy and corticobasal degeneration), synucleinopathies (Lewy body disease and multiple system atrophy), and frontotemporal degeneration. Braak neurofibrillary tangle staging and quantitative scores of senile plaques were used to determine the degree of concomitant in each case, and apolipoprotein E genotype was determined from DNA isolated from frozen brain tissue. The relationship of apolipoprotein E ε4 to Alzheimer-type pathologic was determined. Results: Across all neurodegenerative disorders, apolipoprotein E ε4 and older age independently predicted the co-occurrence of (P.1), whereas female sex had a lesser effect (P=.3). When divided into the 3 subgroups (tauopathies, synucleinopathies, and frontotemporal degeneration), apolipoprotein E ε4 had a similar effect, whereas older age and female sex were less predictive. There was a significant difference between the frequency of Alzheimer-type pathologic in synucleinopathies and the frequency of such in tauopathies and frontotemporal degeneration (P.1 for both). The frequency of apolipoprotein E ε4 allele was not significantly different among the 3 groups. Conclusions: Apolipoprotein E ε4, independent of older age and sex, contributes to the co-occurrence of Alzheimer-type pathologic in tauopathies, synucleinopathies, and frontotemporal degeneration, but this does not explain why are significantly more likely to coexist with synucleinopathies than with either tauopathies or frontotemporal degeneration. Arch Neurol. 4;61:1579-1584 Author Affiliations: Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn (Dr Josephs); Departments of Neurology (Dr Tsuboi) and Pathology/Neuropathology (Ms Cookson and Dr Dickson), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Fla; Dementia Research Group, Institute of Neurology and Medical Statistics Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, England (Ms Watt). APOLIPOPROTEIN E ε4(apoe ε4) is a known risk factor for the development of Alzheimer disease (AD) with increased amyloid burden 1-3 but with less consistent effect on tau pathology. 4,5 In one series of patients with late-onset probable AD who underwent autopsies, the chance of having autopsyconfirmed AD, given the presence of an ApoE ε4 allele, was 75%. 6 Because of the influence of ApoE ε4 in AD, many researchers have wondered whether the ApoE ε4 allele may also increase the risk for the development of other neurodegenerative disorders. Although there is no evidence that ApoE ε4 influences the pathologic of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), 7-9 multiple system atrophy, 9 or frontotemporal degeneration, studies on Lewy body disease (LBD) have been controversial. (In this study, the term LBD includes brainstem-lbd, transitional-lbd, and diffuse-lbd.) The controversy with LBD stems from the fact that when LBD and Alzheimertype pathologic (senile plaques [SP] and neurofibrillary tangles [NFT]) coexist, some researches have postulated 2 separate diseases, but others have postulated a variant of LBD, the Lewy body variant. 11 Regardless, we and other authors have demonstrated an increased frequency of the ApoE ε4 allele in cases of mixed LBD and. 12-14 Also, more recently, Mann et al 15 demonstrated a similar finding in cases of frontotemporal degeneration and Alzheimer-type pathologic. 1579
Because the most recent classification of neurodegenerative disorders includes 3 main categories (tauopathies, synucleinopathies, and frontotemporal degeneration), we set out to determine if having the ApoE ε4 genotype is a determinant for coexisting Alzheimertype pathologic across all tauopathies, synucleinopathies, and frontotemporal degeneration. We also set out to determine if there would be a difference between each of the 3 groups in terms of the coexistence of Alzheimer-type pathologic. METHODS CASES The autopsy data bank at the Mayo Clinic in Jacksonville, Fla, was used to find all autopsy-confirmed cases of tauopathies, synucleinopathies, and frontotemporal degeneration between 1998 and 2. Tauopathies were PSP (n=137) and corticobasal degeneration (n=18). Synucleinopathies were diffuse- LBD/transitional-LBD (n=95) and multiple system atrophy (n=12). Frontotemporal degeneration cases were Pick disease, frontotemporal dementia with parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17, frontotemporal lobar degeneration with or without motor neuron disease but with motor neuron disease type inclusions, and dementia lacking distinct histopathological (n=23). Cases were selected upon availability of both fixed tissue for histopathologic studies and frozen tissue for genetic studies. NEUROPATHOLOGIC METHODS Neuropathologic diagnoses were made using a standardized dissection, sampling and staining protocol that also included counts of SP and NFT in multiple brain regions using thioflavin-s fluorescent microscopy to assess according to our laboratory s routine procedures. 16 that were assessed in all cases included lesion counts of SP and NFT in multimodal association areas of middle frontal, superior temporal, and inferior parietal cortices, as well as in primary motor and visual cortices using thioflavin-s fluorescent microscopy. The maximal density of SP and NFT in each area was recorded; the averages of each lesion type in the 3 association areas and the 2 primary areas were calculated for each case and used for further analysis. The distribution and severity of Alzheimer-type neurofibrillary degeneration were also estimated with Braak NFT staging. 17 DIAGNOSTIC CATEGORIES OF ALZHEIMER-TYPE PATHOLOGIC FEATURES All cases met consensus pathologic criteria for PSP, 18 corticobasal degeneration, 19 transitional-lbd/diffuse-lbd, frontotemporal degeneration, 21 and multiple system atrophy. 22 Alzheimertype pathologic occurring in each of the 3 groups (tauopathies, synucleinopathies, and frontotemporal degeneration) were subdivided into AD or pathologic aging. Alzheimer disease was diagnosed if there were numerous cortical SP (sufficient to meet Khachaturian criteria for AD 23 ), including at least some neuritic plaques in multiple cortical sections and a Braak stage of IV or higher. These criteria are in accordance with the National Institute on Aging Reagan criteria for a high likelihood of AD. 24 Pathological aging is a term we use to describe cases with numerous cortical SP (sufficient to meet Khachaturian criteria for AD), but composed mostly of diffuse, nonneuritic amyloid deposits, and with a Braak stage of III or lower. 25 Cases with few or no SP and a Braak stage of III or lower were considered to be pure (pure disease). imply either AD or pathological aging. APOE GENOTYPE Apolipoprotein E testing was performed on all 285 cases. Genomic DNA was extracted from fresh frozen brain using the QIAamp DNA mini kit (Qiagen, Bothell, Wash). Amplification was carried out using the single-day apolipoprotein ε method used by Crook et al, 26 with the following modifications. The DNA was amplified using a Hybaid Touchdown thermal cycler (Hybaid, Cambridge, England). Conditions were an initial denaturation at 94 C for 5 minutes, followed by 35 cycles of 94 C for seconds, 6 C to C touchdown annealing for seconds at.5 C/cycle, and 72 C for 45 seconds, with a final extension at 72 C for minutes. The primer sequences used for this amplification were forward 5 -TAAGCTTGGCAC- GGCTGTCCAAGGA-3 and reverse 5 -ACAGAATTCGCCCC- GGCCTGGTACAC-3. After amplification, 5 units of Cfo I (Promega, Madison, Wis) enzyme and its buffer were added directly to µl of polymerase chain reaction product and were incubated at 37 C for 5 hours. The digest was run on a 4.5% agarose gel with 1 Tris-borate-EDTA buffer giving main fragment sizes of 91, 83, 72, and 48 base pairs. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS The differences in the frequencies of the ApoE ε4 allele between diagnostic categories of pure disease and Alzheimertype pathologic within each group and the difference in the frequency of cases with between groups were tested by using a 2-by-2 contingency analysis of the 2 test. For small numbers, Fisher exact test was used. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate associations between ApoE ε4 allele frequency, age, sex, disease, and odds of having concomitant AD pathologic. Data were analyzed by using Stata statistical software (Stata 6.; Stata Corp, College Station, Tex), with a significance level set at P.5. RESULTS Comparisons of the demographics and the pathologic and genetic of all 3 groups are summarized in Table 1. The mean ages were 75.1 years for all 285 patients included in this study, 74 years for patients with tauopathies, 77.5 years for patients with synucleinopathies, and 71.2 years for patients with frontotemporal degeneration. Of all 285 patients, 49% were women. The mean ± SD Braak NFT stage was 3.±1.7, and the average SP count was 21.7. As expected based on the diagnostic criteria algorithm, the Braak NFT stage and SP count were higher in patients with AD than in patients with pathologic aging and patients with pure disease; they were higher for all patients and for patients with tauopathies, synucleinopathies, and frontotemporal degeneration. Of all the patients, 35% had at least 1 ApoE ε4 allele. Of the 285 cases, 156 (55%) were considered pure, whereas 129 (45%) had concomitant Alzheimer-type pathologic, which are defined as consisting of all cases with pathologic aging (n=43, 15%) plus all cases 158
Table 1. Demographics of All Cases, Tauopathies, Synucleinopathies, and Frontotemporal Degeneration No. of Patients Age at Death, y Mean ± SD Women, % Braak Neurofibrillary Tangle Stage, Mean ± SD Average Senile Plaque Count Apolipoprotein E 4+/, %* Apolipoprotein E 4+/+, % Apolipoprotein E 4+, % Tauopathies, Synucleinopathies, and Frontotemporal Degeneration All cases 285 75.1 ± 9.3 49 3. ± 1.7 21.7 5 35 Pure disease cases 156 72. ± 9.6 1.9 ± 1.1 3.1 15 15 Pathologic aging 43 77.1 ± 9.8 51 2.5 ±.7 38.5 7 47 Alzheimer disease 86 79.5 ± 7.3 65 5.1 ±.8 46.9 51 14 65 129 78.7 ± 7.5 6 4.2 ± 1.4 44.1 47 12 59 Tauopathies All cases 155 74. ± 8.3 47 2.3 ± 1.2 11.7 2 22 Pure disease cases 118 73.1 ± 8.5 42 2.1 ± 1.1 3.3 15 15 Pathologic aging 23 76.9 ± 7.2 61 2.5 ±.7 36.9 35 4 39 Alzheimer disease 14 76.4 ± 7.9 71 4.4 ±.5 41.4 36 14 37 76.7 ± 7.3 65 3.2 ± 1.1 38.6 35 8 43 Synucleinopathies All cases 7 77.5 ± 9.2 53 4.2 ±.7 37.7 42 11 53 Pure disease cases 23 69.5 ± 11. 35 2. ± 1. 2.9 13 13 Pathologic aging 14 76.4 ± 8.2 36 2.4 ±.9 42.6 36 14 Alzheimer disease 7 8.2 ± 7.2 63 5.2 ±.7 48.1 53 14 67 84 79.5 ± 7.4 58 4.8 ± 1.3 47.2 14 64 Frontotemporal Degeneration All cases 23 71.2 ± 13.5 48 1.7 ± 1.4 14.1 39 39 Pure disease cases 15 66.8 ± 14. 1.1 ± 1.2 1.9 Pathologic aging 6 79.5 ±.4 2.5 ±.8 35.1 67 67 Alzheimer disease 2 77. ± 4.2 4. ±. 43. 8 78.9 ± 9. 63 2.9 ± 1. 37.1 75 75 *+/ indicates the presence of 1 apolipoprotein E ε4 allele. +/+ indicates the presence of 2 apolipoprotein E ε4 alleles. + indicates the chance of having either 1 apolipoprotein E ε4 allele or 2 apolipoprotein E ε4 alleles. Cases with few or no senile plaques and a Braak stage of III or lower were considered to be pure. with concomitant AD (n=86, %). The majority (79%) of patients with a diagnosis of synucleinopathies had a concomitant diagnosis of compared with only 24% and 35% of patients diagnosed as having either tauopathies or frontotemporal degeneration, respectively (P.1 for association between concomitant and disease diagnosed). Of all patients with concomitant AD, 65% were women, compared with % of patients with pure disease. This trend of more women among patients with concomitant AD is statistically significant (P=.1) and remained across all 3 groups: tauopathies (71% of patients with AD were women vs 42% of patients with pure disease), synucleinopathies (63% vs 35%), and frontotemporal degeneration (% vs %). Similarly, patients with concomitant AD tended to be older at death (P.1). The average age at death was 72 years in patients with pure disease, 77.1 years in patients with pathological aging, and 79.5 years in patients with concomitant AD. Of the patients with pure disease, 15% had at least 1 ApoE ε4 allele, compared with 47% of patients with pathologic aging and 65% of patients with AD (P.1 for differences in presence of ε4 allele(s) by status of AD pathologic ). When each group was analyzed separately, similar results were noted as follows. The presence of at least 1 ε4 allele was significantly higher in tauopathies/ (43%) than in tauopathies/pure disease (15%; P=.1), higher in synucleinopathies/ (64%) than in synucleinopathies/pure disease (13%; P.1), and higher in frontotemporal degeneration/ (75%) than in frontotemporal degeneration/pure disease (%; P=.2). Table 2 shows the results for associations between risk factors and concurrent, shown as odds ratios (OR) for concurrent Alzheimer-type pathologic (and then specifically for pathological aging and AD) compared with pure disease. Unadjusted OR are shown, as well as OR adjusted for other predictor variables, derived from multiple logistic regression analysis. These show that the associations found are largely independent of each other (ie, adjusted OR are similar in size to unadjusted OR). The presence of at least 1 ApoE ε4 allele (OR, 8.41; P.1), and age at death (OR, 2.41 for a -year increase; P.1) independently predicted the co-occurrence of Alzheimertype pathologic (P.1), whereas female sex was less predictive (OR, 2.13; P=.3). When OR for being 1581
Table 2. Odds Ratio of Being Affected by Alzheimer, Pathologic Aging, and Alzheimer-Type Pathologic Features Compared With Having a Pure * Affected by Alzheimer-Type Pathologic Features Unadjusted Adjusted Affected by Pathological Aging Affected by Alzheimer Age at death, odds ratio for -y increase 2.53 (1.83-3.51) 2.41 (1.63-3.57) 2.7 (1.-3.29) 2.54 (1.54-4.18) Sex (women compared with men) 2.26 (1.-3.64) 2.13 (1.9-4.18) 1.54 (.69-3.45) 3.49 (1.41-6.85) Apolipoprotein E ε4 + 8.14 (4.65-14.25) 8.41 (4.8-17.3) 5.63 (2.44-13.) 12.8 (4.94-33.1) Synucleinopathy compared with tauopathy 11.65 (6.45-21.) 9.99 (4.87-.5) 3.54 (1.-8.94) 23.8 (9.41-6.3) Frontotemporal degeneration compared 1.7 (.67-4.33) 1.36 (.42-4.) 1.87 (.56-6.27).87 (.14-5.62) with tauopathy Synucleinopathy compared with frontotemporal degeneration 6.85 (2.59-18.1) 7.37 (2.11-25.8) 1.9 (.48-7.45) 27.3 (4.4-184) *Data are presented as odds ratio (95% confidence interval). Cases with few or no senile plaques and a Braak stage of III or lower were considered to be pure. Adjusted for all other variables listed in this table. P.1. P.1. P.5. + indicates at least 1 apolipoprotein E ε4 allele, that is, the chance of having either 1 apolipoprotein E ε4 allele or 2 apolipoprotein E ε4 alleles. affected by pathologic aging and AD were considered separately, stronger OR were found with AD than with pathologic aging, which is as expected because pathologic aging is somewhere between pure disease and AD. For instance, the OR of having pathologic aging (compared with pure disease) among those with an ApoE ε4 allele is 5.63, compared with an OR of 12.8 for those with AD (compared with pure disease). An association between and synucleinopathies was significantly different compared with Alzheimertype pathologic and tauopathies (OR, 9.99; P.1) and and frontotemporal degeneration (OR, 7.37; P.1). There is no evidence that strengths of association between age, sex, and ApoE ε4 status are any different between different diseases (assessed by testing for interactions between disease status and each predictor variable in turn). COMMENT In this series of 285 cases of neurodegenerative disorders, including frontotemporal degeneration, corticobasal degeneration, PSP, LBD, and multiple system atrophy, the frequency of having at least 1 ApoE ε4 allele was 35%. This finding is similar to what we and others have reported in smaller pathologically confirmed series of non-ad dementias (%) and PSP (29%). 27,28 When all our cases were divided into pure cases vs cases with, the frequency of ApoE ε4 was found to be significantly different, 15% and 59%, respectively (P.1). The 15% observed in our pure cases is similar to what we observed in pure PSP cases (23%) 28 and similar to what others have reported in autopsy-proven controls, 29, whereas 59% is within the range of what we and others have reported in autopsy-proven AD cases. 1,27,28, This significant difference demonstrates that the ApoE ε4 allele is a determinant for Alzheimer-type pathologic across all neurodegenerative disorders. We also found that this significance remained true for diseases when classified as tauopathies, synucleinopathies, and frontotemporal degeneration, again demonstrating that ApoE ε4 does influence coexisting in synucleinopathies, tauopathies, and frontotemporal degeneration. This finding is similar to what we reported in a smaller series of patients with PSP only, where we also demonstrated significant correlations between the ApoE ε4 carrier status and coexisting. 28 In keeping with the above finding was the fact that the frequency of the ApoE ε4 allele/alleles increased as the evolved from absent (pure) cases to cases with pathological aging and finally to cases with full-blown AD for all neurodegenerative disorders as well as for each of the 3 groups, synucleinopathies, tauopathies, and frontotemporal degeneration (Figure 1). We also demonstrated that in addition to ApoE ε4, older age and female sex are also independent risk factors for the development of. One of the most interesting findings was a significant difference in the frequency of in the synucleinopathies compared with the tauopathies and frontotemporal degeneration. Of the 7 synucleinopathies, 84 (79%) had coexisting Alzheimertype pathologic compared with only 24% of the tauopathies and 38% of the frontotemporal degeneration cases (Figure 2). This difference suggests that Alzheimer-type pathologic are more likely to coexist with synucleinopathies than with tauopathies or frontotemporal degeneration. This difference was not explained by a difference in age or sex between patients with synucleinopathies and the other 2 groups. We had considered the possibility that this difference between the synucleinopathies group and the other 2 groups was due to ApoE ε4. However, when we separated the cases with from each group and studied the effect of ApoE ε4, we did not find a significance difference (Figure 3). The absence of a correlation suggests that other factors, genetic and/or environmental, exist that account for this significant difference. 1582
2 Apolipoprotein E ε4 Alleles 1 Apolipoprotein E ε4 Allele Apolipoprotein E ε4 Allele Apolipoprotein E ε4 Allele Frequency, % 9 8 7 6 Pure Pathologic Aging Alzheimer 9 8 7 6 Pure Pathologic Aging Alzheimer 9 8 7 6 Pure Pathologic Aging Tauopathy Synucleinopathy Frontotemporal Degeneration Alzheimer Figure 1. The frequency of apolipoprotein E ε4 allele increases with increasing for tauopathies, synucleinopathies, and frontotemporal degeneration. Cases with few or no senile plaques and a Braak stage of III or lower were considered to be pure. Percentage 9 8 7 6 Tauopathy Synucleinopathy Frontotemporal Degeneration Groups Alzheimer-Type Pathologic Features Pure Percentage 9 8 7 6 Tauopathy Synucleinopathy Frontotemporal Degeneration Groups Without Apolipoprotein E ε4 Allele With Apolipoprotein E ε4 Allele Figure 2. There are a significantly greater number of synucleinopathies cases with coexisting as compared with tauopathies or frontotemporal degeneration cases with Alzheimer-type pathologic. Cases with few or no senile plaques and a Braak stage of III or lower were considered to be pure. Figure 3. There is a similar apolipoprotein E ε4 allele frequency across all 3 groups when only cases with are compared. At the molecular level, this is an important finding that implies an increased tendency for the -synuclein protein and the A protein to coexist. We postulate that other upstream genes or other genetic loci may help to explain this increased association. This study demonstrates that ApoE ε4, older age, and female sex are determinants for in all neurodegenerative disorders, synucleinopathies, tauopathies, or frontotemporal degeneration. However, are more likely to coexist with synucleinopathies than with tauopathies or frontotemporal degeneration, a finding that cannot be explained by an association with ApoE ε4. Accepted for Publication: March 22, 4. Correspondence: Keith A. Josephs, MST, MD, Divisions of Behavioral Neurology & Movement Disorders, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, First St SW, Rochester, MN 5595 (josephs.keith@mayo.edu). Author Contributions: Study concept and design: Josephs and Dickson. Acquisition of data: Josephs, Tsuboi, Cookson, and Dickson. Analysis and interpretation of data: Watt and Dickson. Drafting of the manuscript: Josephs, Cookson, Watt, and Dickson. Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Josephs and Tsuboi. Statistical expertise: Tsuboi, Watt, and Dickson. Administrative, technical, and material support: Josephs, Tsuboi, Cookson, and Dickson. Study supervision: Tsuboi and Dickson. Funding/Support: This study was supported by grants AG16574, AG17216, AG14449, AG3949, NS256, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md; Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minn; State of Florida Alzheimer Initiative, Tallahassee, Fla; and The Society for Progressive Supranuclear Palsy, Baltimore, Md. Previous Presentation: This study was presented at the 8th International Conference on Alzheimer s and Related Disorders, Stockholm, Sweden, July -25, 2. REFERENCES 1. Saunders AM, Strittmatter WJ, Schmechel D, et al. Association of apolipoprotein E allele (E4) with late onset familial and sporadic Alzheimer s disease. Neurology. 1993;43:1467-1472. 2. Olichney JM, Hansen LA, Galasko D, et al. The apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 allele is associated with increased neuritic plaques and cerebral amyloid angiopathy in Alzheimer s disease and Lewy body variant. Neurology. 1996;47:19-196. 3. Gomez-Isla T, West HL, Rebeck GW, et al. Clinical and pathological correlates of apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 in Alzheimer s disease. Ann Neurol. 1996;39: 62-7. 4. Ohm TG, Scharnagl H, Marz W, Bohl J. Apolipoprotein E isoforms and the development of low and high Braak stages of Alzheimer s disease-related lesions. Acta Neuropathol (Berl). 1999;98:273-28. 5. Ghebremedhin E, Schultz C, Braak E, Braak H. High frequency of apolipoprotein E epsilon4 allele in young individuals with very mild Alzheimer s disease-related neurofibrillary changes. Exp Neurol. 1998;153:152-155. 1583
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