The Impact of Adverse Childhood Experiences Across The Life Course Robert Anda, MD, MS ACE Study Concepts www.robertandamd.com www.cdc.gov/ace www.acestudy.org
In the brain, as in the economy, getting it right the first time is ultimately more effective and less costly than trying to fix it later. James Heckman Nobel Laureate Economist National Scientific Council on the Developing Child, Perspectives: The Cradle of Prosperity. (2006). http://www.developingchild.net
The Walk to Paradise Garden W. Eugene Smith
Stress (adrenaline, cortisol) Unpredictable Severe Vulnerability Number of Episodes Chronicity Predictable Moderate Resilience Epigenetics Intrauterine exposures Gene mutations
Barriers to Educational Achievement Emerge at a Very Young Age 1200 Cumulative Vocabulary (Words) 1000 800 600 400 200 College Educated Parents Working Class Parents Welfare Parents 16 mos. 24 mos. 36 mos. Child s Age (Months) Source: Hart & Risley (1995)
The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study Examines the health and social effects of ACEs throughout the lifespan among 17,421 members of the Kaiser Health Plan in San Diego County A Primary Care Setting Educated Middle Class.. Predominantly White
ACE Study Design Survey Wave I (N=9,508) Survey Wave II (N=8,667) Mortality Follow-up National Death Index Morbidity N = 17,421 Hospital Discharge Outpatient Visits Emergency room visits Pharmacy Utilization Comprehensive medical Evaluations abstracted
Adverse Childhood Experiences Ten Categories Household dysfunction: Substance abuse Parental sep/divorce Mental illness Battered mother Criminal behavior Abuse: Emotional Physical Sexual Neglect: Emotional Physical
Adverse Childhood Experiences Are Common Household dysfunction: Substance abuse 27% Parental sep/divorce 23% Mental illness 17% Battered mother 13% Criminal behavior 6% Abuse: Psychological 11% Physical 28% Sexual 21% Neglect: Emotional 15% Physical 10%
Adverse Childhood Experiences Rarely Occur in Isolation They come in groups.
Prevalence of Childhood Abuse by Frequency of Witnessing Domestic Violence Percent (%) 100 80 60 40 Frequency of witnessing domestic violence Never Once,Twice Sometimes Often Very often 20 0 Emotional Physical Sexual Childhood Abuse
ACEs tend to come in groups Additional ACEs (%) 1 2 3 4 >5 If you had: A battered mother 95 82 64 48 52
Adverse Childhood Experiences Score Biologic Stress Dose ACE Score Prevalence 0 33% 1 26% 2 16% 3 10% 4 or more 16%
ACEs, Smoking, and Lung Disease Percent With Health Problem (%) 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 ACE Score 0 1 2 3 4 or more 0 Early smoking initiation Current smoking COPD
ACE Score and HIV Risks Percent With Health Problem (%) 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 ACE Score 0 1 2 3 4 or more 0 Ever Injected Drugs Had 50 or More Intercourse Partners Ever Had an STD
Percent with alcohol related problem 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 The ACE Score Alcohol Use and Abuse ACE Score 0 1 2 3 4 or more 0 Alcoholic Married an Alcoholic
ACEs are a Pathway to Leading Causes of Death
The ACE Score and the Prevalence of Liver Disease (Hepatitis/Jaundice) 12 10 Percent (%) 8 6 4 2 0 0 1 2 3 >=4 ACE Score
6 5 The ACE Score and the Prevalence of Coronary Heart Disease Percent (%) 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 >=4 ACE Score
A Focus on Mental Health
The ACE Score and a Lifetime History of Depression Percent depressed (%) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Women Men 0 1 2 3 >=4 ACE Score
The ACE Score and the Prevalence of Attempted Suicide Percent atempted (%) 20 15 10 5 0 0 1 2 3 >=4 ACE Score
Cumulative ACEs Increase the Number of Lifetime DSM-IV Diagnoses* 9 8 National Comorbidity Survey Replication Sample N=5692 Number of Lifetime DSM-IV Diagnoses 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 *Putnam, Harris, Putnam unpublished data, 2011 CCAP0 CCAP1 CCAP2 CCAP3 CCAP4 Increasing ACEs
Art of: Hieronymous Bosch
The Creation of Adam Michelangelo 1508-1512
Relationship Between Number of Adverse Childhood Experiences and Adolescent Pregnancy 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7-8 ACE Score
Percent of Women Who Ever Had an Unintended Pregnancy by ACE Score 80 70 60 Percent 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 1 2 3 4 or more ACE Score
Relationship Between Number of Adverse Childhood Experiences and Fetal Death First or Second Pregnancy 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 1-2 3-4 5+ ACE Score
The Costs of the Status Quo.. Reflect the Costs of Impairing Early Childhood Development
Population Average ACEs and High School Sophomores and Seniors
Spokane Washington Students with ACEs: Are 2 ½ times more likely to fail a grade Score lower on standardized tests Have language difficulties Are suspended or expelled more Are designated to special education more frequently -Have poorer health Courtesy of Chris Blodgett, PhD Washington State University
Costs of the Status Quo Criminal Justice..the prison pipeline
ACEs Among Youth on Probation Pierce County, Washington
ACE Exposure and Youth Outcomes Tacoma Urban Network History of Alcohol & Drug Use and ACE Score 100% 80% 60% 50% 54% 63% 68% 77% 80% 71% 74% 72% 74% 81% 84% 40% 20% 0% 0 1 2 3 4 5 Alcohol Drug
ACE Score and Repeated Suspension/Expulsion Youth on Probation, Pierce County, WA History of > 7 expulsions or suspensions since the first grade 50 10 40 Prevalence (%) 30 20 10 16.9% (n=11) 25.5% (n=69) 35.3% (n=158) 35.7% (n=148) 38.6% (n=124) 39.4% (n=148) 1 aor (95% CI) 0 0 1 2 3 4 5+ ACE Score 0.1
ACE Score and Poor Academic Performance Youth on Probation, Pierce County, WA Poor academic performance during most recent school term 50 10 40 Prevalence (%) 30 20 10 16.9% (n=11) 25.0% (n=68) 29.1% (n=132) 28.1% (n=117) 32.3% (n=105) 35.7% (n=135) 1 aor (95% CI) 0 0 1 2 3 4 5+ ACE Score 0.1
ACE Score and Felony Re-offense Tacoma Urban Network Felony Re-offense Post Probation and ACE Score 40% 30% 20% 10% 16% 12% 10% 18% 16% 25% 11% 20% 19% 25% 23% 31% 0% 0 1 2 3 4 5 ACE Score Within One Year Within Two Years
One of Many Public Policy Responses Values Drive Decisions 400 300 200 100 0 Washington State Crime Rate Per 1,000 Males Age 12-39 Down 16 percent since 1988 313 Murder Rape Robbery Assault Burglary Theft Auto Theft 258 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 WASHINGTON STATE Department of Social and Health Services Office of the Secretary 46 1000% 750% 500% 250% 0% Annual Populations As a Percent of the 1925 Population 1925 1950 1975 2000 SOURCE: Caseload Forecast Council, June 2001. War on Drugs Prison Population State Population JULY 2004
States With ACE Studies in 2008 No data Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC.
States With ACE Studies in 2009 6 States No data 2009 Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC.
States With ACE Studies in 2009-2010 13 States No data 2009 2010 Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC.
States With ACE Studies in 2009-2011 18 States No data 2009 2010 2011 Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC.
States With ACE Studies 2009-2012 19 States No data 2009 2010 2011 2012 Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC.
States With ACE Studies 2009-2013?? 21 States No data 2009 2010 2011 2012 2012 Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, CDC.
The paradigm is shifting An the word is getting around
ACE Scores of 4 or More Women in the Kaiser Health Plan Vs Young Women Served by Crittendon Percent with ACE Score of 4 or more (%) 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Kaiser All Young Moms on Moms Mothers Welfare in Juv Just Crittendon Foundation Survey
ACEs Effect An Array of Brain Functions Affect Regulation Panic reactions, depression, anxiety, hallucinations Somatic Issues Sleep disturbances, severe obesity, pain Substance Use Smoking, alcoholism, illicit drug use, IV drug use Sexuality Early intercourse, promiscuity, sexual dissatisfaction Memory Amnesia (childhood) Arousal High stress, problems with anger, perpetrating domestic violence
Neurobiology and Epidemiology Converge Complex Trauma Trauma Spectrum Disorders and the mean number of a variety of problems 6 Mean Number of Co-occurring Outcomes 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7-8 ACE Score *
Adverse Childhood Experiences As a National Health Issue ACEs have a strong influence on: -adolescent health -reproductive health -smoking -obesity -alcohol abuse -illicit drug abuse -sexual behavior -mental health - risk of violence and revictimization -stability of relationships -performance in the workforce
Adverse Childhood Experiences As a National Health Issue ACEs increase the risk of: -Early death -Heart disease - Chronic Lung disease -Lung cancer - Liver disease -Autoimmune disease - Suicide - Injuries -HIV and STDs - other risks for leading causes of death
Beham, (Hans) Sebald (1500-1550): Hercules slaying the Hydra, 1545 from The Labours of Hercules (1542-1548).
A Public Health Framework For Change Treatment Education Prevention All must consider Intergenerational transmission
The Walk to Paradise Garden W. Eugene Smith
..the prison pipeline extends into adulthood
35 ACE Scores Kaiser Health Plan 30 25 Percent (%) 20 15 10 5 0 0 1 2 3 4 >=5 ACE Score Messina and Greila Am J Pub Health October, 2006
35 ACE Scores Kaiser vs Adult Women In Prison 30 25 Percent (%) 20 15 10 5 0 0 1 2 3 4 >=5 ACE Score Messina and Greila Am J Pub Health October, 2006
Preventive Intervention is More Efficient and Produces Higher Returns than Later Remediation Programs targeting the earliest years Rates of return to human capital investment Preschool programs K-12 interventions Job training 0-3 4-5 6-18 19+ Age Heckman, J. (2007)
In the brain, as in the economy, getting it right the first time is ultimately more effective and less costly than trying to fix it later. James Heckman Nobel Laureate Economist National Scientific Council on the Developing Child, Perspectives: The Cradle of Prosperity. (2006). http://www.developingchild.net
Art of Hieronymous Bosch
Percent of Women Who Ever Had an Unintended Pregnancy by ACE Score 80 70 60 Percent 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 1 2 3 4 or more ACE Score
Limits of Understanding by Paul Klee (1879-1940)